{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T16:34:03Z","timestamp":1790872443393,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"13","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>We measured the salt and water balance of hatchling leatherback sea turtles, Dermochelys coriacea, during their first few days of life to investigate how they maintain homeostasis under the osmoregulatory challenge of a highly desiccating terrestrial environment and then a hyperosmotic marine environment. Hatchlings desiccated rapidly when denied access to sea water,with their hematocrit increasing significantly from 30.32\u00b10.54 % to 38.51\u00b11.35 % and plasma Na+ concentration increasing significantly from 138.2\u00b13.3 to 166.2\u00b111.2 mmoll-1 in 12 h. When hatchlings were subsequently put into sea water, hematocrit decreased and plasma Na+ concentration was unchanged but both were significantly elevated above pretreatment values. In other hatchlings kept in sea water for 48 h, body mass and plasma Na+ concentration increased significantly, but hematocrit did not increase. These data show that hatchlings were able to osmoregulate effectively and gain mass by drinking sea water. We stimulated hatchlings to secrete salt from the salt glands by injecting a salt load of 27 mmol kg-1. The time taken for secretion to begin in newly hatched turtles was longer than that in 4-day-old hatchlings, but the secretory response was identical at 4.15\u00b10.40 and 4.13\u00b10.59 mmol Na+ kg-1 h-1respectively. Adrenaline and methacholine were both potent inhibitors of salt gland secretion in a dose-dependent manner, although methacholine administered simultaneously with a subthreshold salt load elicited a transient secretory response. The results showed that hatchling leatherbacks are able to tolerate significant changes in internal composition and efficiently use their salt glands to establish internal ionic and water balance when in sea water.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.205.13.1853","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,25]],"date-time":"2021-04-25T04:51:32Z","timestamp":1619326292000},"page":"1853-1860","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Salt and water regulation by the leatherback sea turtle<i>Dermochelys coriacea<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"205","author":[{"given":"Richard D.","family":"Reina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Science, Engineering and Policy, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. Todd","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James R.","family":"Spotila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Science, Engineering and Policy, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","reference":[{"key":"2021042504501263800_REF1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abel, J. H. and Ellis, R. A. (1966). Histochemical and electron microscope observations on the salt secreting lachrymal glands of marine turtles. Am. J. Anat.118,337-358.","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001180203"},{"key":"2021042504501263800_REF2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bennett, J. M., Taplin, L. E. and Grigg, G. C.(1986). Sea water drinking as a homeostatic response to dehydration in hatchling loggerhead turtles Caretta caretta.Comp. Biochem. Physiol.83A,507-513.","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(86)90137-4"},{"key":"2021042504501263800_REF3","unstructured":"Billes, A. and Fretey, J. (2001). Nest morphology in the leatherback turtle. Mar. Turtle Newslett.92,7-9."},{"key":"2021042504501263800_REF4","unstructured":"Bjorndal, K. A. (1997). Foraging ecology and nutrition of sea turtles. In The Biology of Sea Turtles (ed. P. L. Lutz and J. A. Musick), pp.199-231. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press."},{"key":"2021042504501263800_REF5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bolten, A. B., Bjorndal, K. A., Grumbles, J. S. and Owens, D. W. (1992). Sex ratios and sex-specific growth rates of immature green turtles, Chelonia mydas, in the southern Bahamas. Copeia1992,1098-1103.","DOI":"10.2307\/1446647"},{"key":"2021042504501263800_REF6","unstructured":"Carr, A. (1952). Handbook of Turtles. Ithaca: Cornell University Press."},{"key":"2021042504501263800_REF7","unstructured":"Cooper, J. R., Bloom, F. E. and Roth, R. H.(1991). The Biochemical Basis of Neuropharmacology. New York: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"2021042504501263800_REF8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dunson, W. (1969). Electrolyte excretion by the salt gland of the Gala\u0301pagos marine iguana. Am. J. Physiol.216,995-1002.","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1969.216.4.995"},{"key":"2021042504501263800_REF9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dunson, W. A. (1970). Some aspects of electrolyte and water balance in three estuarine reptiles, the diamond back terrapin, American and `salt water' crocodiles. Comp. Biochem. Physiol.32A,161-174.","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-406X(70)90931-X"},{"key":"2021042504501263800_REF10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dunson, W. A., Packer, R. K. and Dunson, M. K.(1971). Sea snakes: an unusual salt gland under the tongue. Science173,437-441.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.173.3995.437"},{"key":"2021042504501263800_REF11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eisenberg, J. and Frazier, J. (1983). A leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) feeding in the wild. J. Herpetol.17,81-82.","DOI":"10.2307\/1563788"},{"key":"2021042504501263800_REF12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ellis, R. A. and Abel, J. H. (1964). Intercellular channels in the salt secreting glands of marine turtles. Science144,1340-1342.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.144.3624.1340"},{"key":"2021042504501263800_REF13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fa\u0308nge, R., Krog, J. and Reite, O. (1963). Blood flow in the avian salt gland studied by polarographic oxygen electrodes. Acta Physiol. Scand.58,40-47.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1963.tb02626.x"},{"key":"2021042504501263800_REF14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fa\u0308nge, R., Schmidt-Nielsen, K. and Robinson, M.(1958). Control of secretion from the avian salt gland. Am. J. Physiol.195,321-326.","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1958.195.2.321"},{"key":"2021042504501263800_REF15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Finkler, M. (1999). Influence of water availability during incubation on hatchling size, body composition,desiccation tolerance and terrestrial locomotor performance in the snapping turtle Chelydra serpentina.Physiol. Biochem. Zool.72,714-722.","DOI":"10.1086\/316711"},{"key":"2021042504501263800_REF16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franklin, C. E., Holmgren, S. and Taylor, G. C.(1996). A preliminary investigation of the effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide on secretion from the lingual salt glands of Crocodylus porosus.Gen. Comp. Endocrinol.102, 74-78.","DOI":"10.1006\/gcen.1996.0048"},{"key":"2021042504501263800_REF17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gerstberger, R. and Gray, D. A. (1993). Fine structure, innervation and functional control of avian salt glands. Int. Rev. Cytol.144,129-215.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7696(08)61515-6"},{"key":"2021042504501263800_REF18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holmes, W. N. and McBean, R. L. (1964). Some aspects of electrolyte excretion in the green turtle, Chelonia mydas.J. Exp. Biol.41,81-90.","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.41.1.81"},{"key":"2021042504501263800_REF19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hudson, D. M. and Lutz, P. L. (1986). Salt gland function in the leatherback sea turtle, Dermochelys coriacea.Copeia1986,247-249.","DOI":"10.2307\/1444922"},{"key":"2021042504501263800_REF20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kooistra, T. A. and Evans, D. H. (1976). Sodium balance in the green turtle, Chelonia mydas, in seawater and freshwater. J. Comp. Physiol.107,229-240.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00691228"},{"key":"2021042504501263800_REF21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lowy, R. J., Dawson, D. C. and Ernst, S. A.(1989). Mechanism of ion transport by avian salt gland primary cell cultures. Am. J. Physiol.256,R1184-R1191.","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1989.256.6.R1184"},{"key":"2021042504501263800_REF22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lutcavage, M. and Lutz, P. L. (1986). Metabolic rate and food energy requirements of the leatherback sea turtle, Dermochelys coriacea.Copeia1986,796-798.","DOI":"10.2307\/1444962"},{"key":"2021042504501263800_REF23","unstructured":"Lutz, P. (1997). Salt, water and pH balance in the sea turtle. In The Biology of Sea Turtles (ed. P. Lutz and J. Musick), pp. 343-361. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press."},{"key":"2021042504501263800_REF24","unstructured":"Lutz, P. L. and Dunbar-Cooper, A. (1987). Variations in the blood chemistry of the loggerhead sea turtle, Caretta caretta.Fish. Bull.85,37-43."},{"key":"2021042504501263800_REF25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marshall, A. T. and Cooper, P. D. (1988). Secretory capacity of the lachrymal salt gland of hatchling sea turtles, Chelonia mydas.J. Comp. Physiol. B157,821-827.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00691014"},{"key":"2021042504501263800_REF26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nicolson, S. W. and Lutz, P. L. (1989). Salt gland function in the green sea turtle Chelonia mydas.J. Exp. Biol.144,171-184.","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.144.1.171"},{"key":"2021042504501263800_REF27","unstructured":"Owens, D. W. and Ruiz, G. J. (1980). New methods of obtaining blood and cerebrospinal fluid from marine turtles. Herpetologica36,17-20."},{"key":"2021042504501263800_REF28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paladino, F. V., O'Connor, M. P. and Spotila, J. R.(1990). Metabolism of leatherback turtles, gigantothermy and thermoregulation of dinosaurs. Nature344,858-860.","DOI":"10.1038\/344858a0"},{"key":"2021042504501263800_REF29","unstructured":"Pritchard, P. C. H. (1997). Evolution,phylogeny and current status. In The Biology of Sea Turtles (ed. P. L. Lutz and J. A. Musick), pp.1-28. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press."},{"key":"2021042504501263800_REF30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reina, R. D. (2000). Blood flow in the lachrymal salt gland of the green turtle, Chelonia mydas.J. Comp. Physiol. B170,573-580.","DOI":"10.1007\/s003600000136"},{"key":"2021042504501263800_REF31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reina, R. D. and Cooper, P. D. (2000). Control of salt gland activity in the hatchling green sea turtle, Chelonia mydas.J. Comp. Physiol. B170,27-35.","DOI":"10.1007\/s003600050004"},{"key":"2021042504501263800_REF32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmidt-Nielsen, K. (1960). The salt-secreting glands of marine birds. Circulation21,955-967.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.21.5.955"},{"key":"2021042504501263800_REF33","unstructured":"Schmidt-Nielsen, K. (1990). Animal Physiology: Adaptation and Environment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"2021042504501263800_REF34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmidt-Nielsen, K. and Fa\u0308nge, R. (1958). Salt glands in marine reptiles. Nature182,783-785.","DOI":"10.1038\/182783a0"},{"key":"2021042504501263800_REF35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shuttleworth, T. J. and Hildebrandt, J. P.(1999). Vertebrate salt glands: short- and long-term regulation of function. J. Exp. Zool.283,689-701.","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-010X(19990601)283:7<689::AID-JEZ7>3.0.CO;2-T"},{"key":"2021042504501263800_REF36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shuttleworth, T. J. and Thompson, J. L. (1987). Secretory activity in salt glands of birds and turtles: stimulation via cyclic AMP. Am. J. Physiol.252,R428-R432.","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1987.252.2.R428"},{"key":"2021042504501263800_REF37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, P., Epstein, F. H., Karnaky, K. J., Reichlin, S. and Forrest, J. N. (1993). Neuropeptide Y inhibits chloride secretion in the shark rectal gland. Am. J. Physiol.265,R439-R446.","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1993.265.2.R439"},{"key":"2021042504501263800_REF38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, P., Solomon, R. J. and Epstein, F. H.(1990). Shark rectal gland. In Methods In Enzymology, vol. 192, Cellular and Subcellular Transport:Epithelial Cells (ed. S. Fleischer and B. Fleischer), pp.754-766. New York: Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/0076-6879(90)92107-O"},{"key":"2021042504501263800_REF39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, P., Stoff, J. S., Solomon, R. J., Lear, S., Kniaz, D.,Greger, R. and Epstein, F. H. (1987). Atrial natriuretic peptide stimulates salt secretion by shark rectal gland by releasing VIP. Am. J. Physiol.252,F99-F103.","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.1987.252.1.F99"},{"key":"2021042504501263800_REF40","unstructured":"Sokal, R. R. and Rohlf, F. J. (1981). Biometry. New York: W. H. Freeman."},{"key":"2021042504501263800_REF41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taplin, L. E. and Grigg, G. C. (1981). Salt glands in the tongue of the estuarine crocodile Crocodylus porosus.Science212,1045-1047.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.212.4498.1045"},{"key":"2021042504501263800_REF42","unstructured":"Taplin, L. E., Grigg, G. C., Harlow, P., Ellis, T. M. and Dunson, W. A. (1982). Lingual salt glands in Crocodylus acutus and C. johnstoni and their absence from Alligator mississippiensis and Caiman crocodilus.J. Comp. Physiol.149,43-47."},{"key":"2021042504501263800_REF43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thorson, T. B. (1968). Body fluid partitioning in reptilia. Copeia1968,592-601.","DOI":"10.2307\/1442030"},{"key":"2021042504501263800_REF44","unstructured":"Zug, G. R. and Parham, J. F. (1996). Age and growth in leatherback turtles, Dermochelys coriacea (Testudines:Dermochelyidae): a skeletochronological analysis. Chel. Cons. Biol.2,244-249."}],"container-title":["Journal of Experimental Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/205\/13\/1853\/1240916\/1853.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/205\/13\/1853\/1240916\/1853.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,2]],"date-time":"2021-05-02T11:04:55Z","timestamp":1619953495000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article\/205\/13\/1853\/8901\/Salt-and-water-regulation-by-the-leatherback-sea"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,1]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jeb.205.13.1853","relation":{},"ISSN":["1477-9145","0022-0949"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1477-9145","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0022-0949","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,1]]}}}