{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T19:39:07Z","timestamp":1774467547956,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"16","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Thailand winged stick insect (Sipyloidea sp.) flees rapidly from a disturbance by jumping forwards when stimulated on the abdomen and backwards when stimulated on the head. The mechanisms underlying these fast movements were analysed by measuring movements of the body and legs from images captured at 250 Hz.<\/jats:p><jats:p>A forward jump of both adults and nymphs involves movements of the abdomen and the middle and hind pairs of legs. The abdomen is raised and swung forwards by flexion at the joint with the metathorax and at the joint between the meso- and metathorax. At the same time, the tibiae of the hind and middle legs are extended and their femora depressed. The femoro-tibial joints of the legs are not fully flexed before a jump, and no structures in these joints appear to store muscular energy. The whole jumping sequence takes approximately 100 ms and results in take-off angles of 10-35\u00b0 at velocities of 0.6-0.8 m s-1 and with an acceleration of 10 m s-2. The abdominal angular velocity was 2000\u00b0 s-1and the tip of the abdomen moved at linear velocities of some 1 m s-1, while the maximum rate of tibial extension was 4000\u00b0s-1.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Rapid backward movements result either in the collapse of the body onto the ground, with a displacement away from the stimulus of approximately half a body length, or in the propulsion of the insect off its perch. Neither movement involves curling of the abdomen.<\/jats:p><jats:p>From a horizontal posture, the forward jumps result in a displacement of a few body lengths. More lift can be generated in adults by elevating the hind wings as the abdomen is swung forwards and depressing them as the legs lose contact with the ground. In this way, jumps can lead directly to flapping flight. Take-off into flight can, however, be achieved without the abdominal movements seen during jumping.<\/jats:p><jats:p>From a vertical posture, a forward jump propels the insect upwards and backwards before it falls to the ground horizontally displaced from its perch. Backward movements result in the insect falling with little horizontal displacement from its perch.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.205.16.2399","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,25]],"date-time":"2021-04-25T05:05:00Z","timestamp":1619327100000},"page":"2399-2412","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Jumping in a winged stick insect"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"205","author":[{"given":"Malcolm","family":"Burrows","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Downing Street, University of Cambridge,Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Present address: Department of Physiology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London NW3 2PF, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"237","reference":[{"key":"2021042504595328400_REF1","unstructured":"Baroni, U. C., Boyan, G. S., Blarer, A., Billen, J. and Musthak,A. T. M. (1994). A novel mechanism for jumping in the Indian ant Harpegnathos saltator (Jerdon) (Formicidae, Ponerinae). Experientia50,63-71."},{"key":"2021042504595328400_REF2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bassler, U. (1983). The neural basis of catalepsy in the stick insect Cuniculina impigra. III. Characteristics of the extensor motor neurons. Biol. Cybern.46,159-165.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00336797"},{"key":"2021042504595328400_REF3","unstructured":"Bassler, U. and Foth, E. (1982). The neural basis of catalepsy in the stick insect Cuniculina impigra. I. Catalepsy as a characteristic of the femur\u2014tibia control system. Biol. Cybern.45,101-105."},{"key":"2021042504595328400_REF4","unstructured":"Bassler, U., Storrer, J. and Saxer, K. (1982). The neural basis of catalepsy in the stick insect Cuniculina impigra. II. The role of the extensor motor neurons and the characteristics of the extensor tibiae muscle. Biol. Cybern.46, 1-6."},{"key":"2021042504595328400_REF5","unstructured":"Bedford, G. O. (1976). Defensive behaviour of the New Guinea stick insect Eurycantha.Proc. Linn. Soc. NSW100,218-222."},{"key":"2021042504595328400_REF6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bedford, G. O. (1978). Biology and ecology of the Phasmatodea. Annu. Rev. Entomol.23,125-149.","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.23.010178.001013"},{"key":"2021042504595328400_REF7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bedford, G. O. and Chinnick, L. J. (1966). Conspicuous displays in two species of Australian stick insects. Anim. Behav.14,518-521.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-3472(66)80053-2"},{"key":"2021042504595328400_REF8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bennet-Clark, H. C. (1975). The energetics of the jump of the locust Schistocerca gregaria.J. Exp. Biol.63,53-83.","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.63.1.53"},{"key":"2021042504595328400_REF9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bennet-Clark, H. C. and Lucey, E. C. A. (1967). The jump of the flea: a study of the energetics and a model of the mechanism. J. Exp. Biol.47,59-76.","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.47.1.59"},{"key":"2021042504595328400_REF10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brackenbury, J. and Hunt, H. (1993). Jumping in springtails: mechanism and dynamics. J. Zool., Lond.229,217-236.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1993.tb02632.x"},{"key":"2021042504595328400_REF11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brackenbury, J. and Wang, R. (1995). Ballistics and visual targeting in flea-beetles (Alticinae). J. Exp. Biol.198,1931-1942.","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.198.9.1931"},{"key":"2021042504595328400_REF12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown, R. H. J. (1967). The mechanism of locust jumping. Nature214,939.","DOI":"10.1038\/214939a0"},{"key":"2021042504595328400_REF13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burrows, M. and Morris, G. (2001). The kinematics and neural control of high-speed kicking movements in the locust. J. Exp. Biol.204,3471-3481.","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.204.20.3471"},{"key":"2021042504595328400_REF14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burrows, M. and Wolf, H. (2002). Jumping and kicking in the false stick insect Prosarthria: kinematics and neural control. J. Exp. Biol.205,1519-1530.","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.205.11.1519"},{"key":"2021042504595328400_REF15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Driesang, R. B. and Bu\u0308schges, A. (1993). The neural basis of catalepsy in the stick insect. IV. Properties of nonspiking interneurons. J. Comp. Physiol. A173,445-454.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00193517"},{"key":"2021042504595328400_REF16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eisner, T. (1965). Defensive spray of a phasmid insect. Science148,966-968.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.148.3672.966"},{"key":"2021042504595328400_REF17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Evans, M. E. G. (1972). The jump of the click beetle (Coleoptera: Elateridae) \u2014 a preliminary study. J. Zool., Lond.167,319-336.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1972.tb03115.x"},{"key":"2021042504595328400_REF18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Evans, M. E. G. (1973). The jump of the click beetle (Coleoptera, Elateridae) \u2014 energetics and mechanics. J. Zool., Lond.169,181-194.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1973.tb04553.x"},{"key":"2021042504595328400_REF19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Godden, D. H. (1974). The physiological mechanism of catalepsy in the stick insect Carausius morosus Br. J. Comp. Physiol.89,251-274.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00696190"},{"key":"2021042504595328400_REF20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heitler, W. J. (1974). The locust jump. Specialisations of the metathoracic femoral\u2014tibial joint. J. Comp. Physiol.89,93-104.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00696166"},{"key":"2021042504595328400_REF21","unstructured":"Henry, G. M. (1922). Stridulation in the leaf insect. Spolia Zeylan12,217-219."},{"key":"2021042504595328400_REF22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parry, D. A. and Brown, R. H. J. (1959). The jumping mechanism of salticid spiders. J. Exp. Biol.36,654-664.","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.36.4.654"},{"key":"2021042504595328400_REF23","unstructured":"Rehn, J. A. G. (1957). The description of the female sex of Pterinoxylus spinulosus with notes on stridulation in the female sex of this genus. Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc.83,185-194."},{"key":"2021042504595328400_REF24","unstructured":"Robinson, M. H. (1968a). The defensive behaviour of the Javanese stick insect Orxines macklotti with a note on the startle display of Metriotes diocles Westw. (Phasmatodea,Phasmidae). Entomol. Mon. Mag.104, 46-56."},{"key":"2021042504595328400_REF25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robinson, M. H. (1968b). The defensive behaviour of the stick insect Oncotophasma martini (Griffini)(Orthoptera: Phasmatidae). Proc. R. Ent. Soc. Lond.43,183-187.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3032.1968.tb01023.x"},{"key":"2021042504595328400_REF26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robinson, M. H. (1969). The defensive behaviour of some orthopteroid insects from Panama. Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lond.121,281-303.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2311.1969.tb00521.x"},{"key":"2021042504595328400_REF27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rothschild, M., Schlein, Y., Parker, K. and Sternberg, S.(1972). Jump of the oriental rat flea Xenopsylla cheopsis (Roths.). Nature239, 45-47.","DOI":"10.1038\/239045a0"},{"key":"2021042504595328400_REF28","unstructured":"Tautz, J., Holldobler, B. and Danker, T.(1994). The ants that jump: different techniques to take off. Zoology98,1-6."},{"key":"2021042504595328400_REF29","unstructured":"Weis-Fogh, T. and Alexander, R. McN. (1977). The sustained power output from straited muscle. In Scale Effects in Animal Locomotion (ed. T. J. Pedley), pp.511-525. London: Academic Press."}],"container-title":["Journal of Experimental Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/205\/16\/2399\/1242158\/2399.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/205\/16\/2399\/1242158\/2399.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,25]],"date-time":"2022-12-25T10:40:07Z","timestamp":1671964807000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article\/205\/16\/2399\/9127\/Jumping-in-a-winged-stick-insect"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,15]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jeb.205.16.2399","relation":{},"ISSN":["1477-9145","0022-0949"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1477-9145","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0022-0949","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,15]]}}}