{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T07:36:14Z","timestamp":1789803374432,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,3,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>A novel crustacean toxin (Cn11) was isolated and characterized from the venom of the Mexican scorpion Centruroides noxius Hoffmann. It contains 63 amino acid residues and is stabilized by four disulphide bridges. It is lethal to crustaceans (Cambarellus montezumae), less toxic to insects (crickets) and non-toxic to mammals (mice) at the doses assayed. In neurons isolated from the X organ\u2013sinus gland system of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii, it blocks the Na+ currents with an estimated Km of 320\u00a0nmol\u00a0l\u20131, without affecting the Ca2+ and K+ currents. The voltage-gated tetrodotoxin-sensitive Na+ current was recorded from X organ neurons in culture 24\u00a0h after plating using the whole-cell clamp configuration. The Na+ current was isolated by blocking Ca2+ currents with Cd2+ and Cs+ and K+ currents with tetraethylammonium and 4-aminopyridine. Under control conditions, the Na+ currents were activated at \u201340\u00a0mV with a maximum amplitude at 0\u00a0mV. In the presence of 1\u00a0\u03bcmol\u00a0l\u20131 Cn11, the Na+ current amplitude was reduced by 75\u00a0% without apparent modifications to the gating mechanism. These findings suggest that Cn11 selectively blocks a Na+ channel. It is the first representative of a new group of scorpion toxins specific for this molecular target.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.205.6.869","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,25]],"date-time":"2021-04-25T04:53:11Z","timestamp":1619326391000},"page":"869-876","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Cn11, the first example of a scorpion toxin that is a true blocker of Na+ currents in crayfish neurons"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"205","author":[{"given":"Martha E.","family":"Ramirez-Dominguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Recognition and Structural Biology, Biotechnology Institute, Universidad Nacional Auto\u0301noma de Me\u0301xico, Avenida Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca 62210, Me\u0301xico,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timoteo","family":"Olamendi-Portugal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Recognition and Structural Biology, Biotechnology Institute, Universidad Nacional Auto\u0301noma de Me\u0301xico, Avenida Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca 62210, Me\u0301xico,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ubaldo","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences, Centro de Investigacio\u0301n y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N. Me\u0301xico DF 07000 and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Consuelo","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Recognition and Structural Biology, Biotechnology Institute, Universidad Nacional Auto\u0301noma de Me\u0301xico, Avenida Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca 62210, Me\u0301xico,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugo","family":"Arechiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Graduate Studies and Research, Medical School, Universidad Nacional Auto\u0301noma de Me\u0301xico, Ciudad Universitaria, Me\u0301xico DF 04510"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lourival D.","family":"Possani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Recognition and Structural Biology, Biotechnology Institute, Universidad Nacional Auto\u0301noma de Me\u0301xico, Avenida Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca 62210, Me\u0301xico,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","reference":[{"key":"2021042504512297200_BATISTA-ETAL-2000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Batista, C. V. F., Gomez-Lagunas, F., Lucas, S. and Possani, L. D. (2000). Tc1, from Tityus cambridgei, is the first member of a new subfamily of scorpion toxin that blocks K+ channels. FEBS Lett. 486, 117\u2013120.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(00)02253-5"},{"key":"2021042504512297200_CATTERALL-1986","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Catterall, W. A. (1986). Molecular properties of voltage-sensitive sodium channels. Annu. Rev. Biochem.55, 953\u2013985.","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bi.55.070186.004513"},{"key":"2021042504512297200_CATTERALL-1996","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Catterall, W. A. (1996). Ion channels in plasma membrane signal transduction. J. Bioenerg. Biomembr.28, 217\u2013218.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02110696"},{"key":"2021042504512297200_CESTELE-AND-CATTERALL-2000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cestele, S. and Catterall, W. A. (2000). Molecular mechanisms of neurotoxin action on voltage-gated sodium channels. Biochimie82, 883\u2013892.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-9084(00)01174-3"},{"key":"2021042504512297200_CHAHAINE-ETAL-1998","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chahaine, M., Sirois, J., Marcotte, P., Chen, L. Q. and Kallen, R. G. (1998). Extrapore residues of the S5\u2013S6 loop of domain 2 of the voltage-gated skeletal muscle sodium channel (rSkM1) contribute to the \u03bc-conotoxin GIIIA binding site. Biophys. J. 75, 236\u2013246.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(98)77510-1"},{"key":"2021042504512297200_COURAUD-AND-JOVER-1984","unstructured":"Couraud, F. and Jover, E. (1984). Mechanism of action of scorpion toxins. In Insect Poisons, Allergens and other Invertebrate Venoms. Handbook of Natural Toxins (ed. A. T. Tu), pp. 659\u2013678. New York, Basel: Marcel Dekker."},{"key":"2021042504512297200_DEBIN-ETAL-1993","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Debin, J. A., Maggio, J. E. and Strichartz, G. R. (1993). Purification and characterization of chlorotoxin, a chloride channel ligand from the venom of the scorpion. Am. J. Physiol. 264, C361\u2013C369.","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1993.264.2.C361"},{"key":"2021042504512297200_DUDLEY-ETAL-1995","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dudley, S. C., Jr, Todt, H., Jr, Lipkind, G. M. and Fozzard, H. A. (1995). A mu-conotoxin-insensitive Na channel mutant: possible localization of a binding site at the outer vestibule. Biophys. J.69, 1657\u20131665.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(95)80045-7"},{"key":"2021042504512297200_DUFTON-AND-ROCHAT-1984","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dufton, M. J. and Rochat, H. (1984). Classification of scorpion toxins according to amino acid composition and sequence. J. Mol. Evol.20, 120\u2013127.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02257372"},{"key":"2021042504512297200_FOZZARD-AND-LIPKIND-1996","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fozzard, H. A. and Lipkind, G. (1996). The guanidinium toxin binding site on the sodium channel. Jap. Heart J.37, 683\u2013692.","DOI":"10.1536\/ihj.37.683"},{"key":"2021042504512297200_FRECH-AND-DUDLEY-1999","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frech, R. J. and Dudley, S. C., Jr (1999). Pore-blocking toxins as probes of voltage-dependent channels. Methods Enzymol. 294, 575\u2013605.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(99)94033-8"},{"key":"2021042504512297200_GARCIACUTEA-ETAL-1997","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garci\u0301a, C., Becerril, B., Selisko, B., Delepierre, M. and Possani L. D. (1997). Isolation, characterization and comparison of a novel crustacean toxin with a mammalian toxin from the venom of the scorpion Centruroides noxius Hoffmann. Comp. Biochem. Physiol.116B, 315\u2013322.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-0491(96)00246-5"},{"key":"2021042504512297200_GARCIA-ETAL-1997","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia, M. L., Hanner, M., Knaus, H. G., Koch, R., Schmalhofer, W., Slaughter, R. S. and Kaczorowski, G. J. (1997). Pharmacology of potassium channels. Adv. Pharmacol.39, 425\u2013471.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-3589(08)60078-2"},{"key":"2021042504512297200_GARCIACUTEA-ETAL-1990","unstructured":"Garci\u0301a, U., Grambacher-Reinert, S., Bookman, R. and Reuter, H. (1990). Distribution of Na+ and K+ currents in soma, axons and growth cones of leech Retzius neurons in culture. J. Exp. Biol.150, 1\u201317."},{"key":"2021042504512297200_GORDON-ETAL-1996","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gordon, D., Martin-Eauclaire, M. F., Cestele, S., Kopeyan, C., Carlier, E., Khalifa, R. B., Pelhate, M. and Rochat, H. (1996). Scorpion toxins affecting sodium current inactivation bind to distinct homologous receptor sites on rat brain and insect sodium channels. J. Biol. Chem.271, 8034\u20138045.","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.14.8034"},{"key":"2021042504512297200_GORDON-ETAL-1998","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gordon, D., Savarin, P., Gurevitz, M. and Zinn-Justin, S. (1998). Functional anatomy of scorpion toxins affecting sodium channels. J. Toxicol. Toxin Rev.17, 131\u2013159.","DOI":"10.3109\/15569549809009247"},{"key":"2021042504512297200_JOVER-ETAL-1980","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jover, E., Couraud, F. and Rochat, H. (1980). Two types of scorpion neurotoxins characterized by their binding to two separate receptor sites on rat brain synaptosomes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.95, 607\u2013614.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(80)80082-9"},{"key":"2021042504512297200_LI-ETAL-1997","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, R. A., Tsushima, R. G., Kallen, R. G. and Backx, P. H. (1997). Pore residues critical for mu-CTX binding to rat skeletal muscle Na channels revealed by cysteine mutagenesis. Biophys. J.73, 1874\u20131884.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(97)78218-3"},{"key":"2021042504512297200_MARBAN-ETAL-1998","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marban, E., Yamagishi, T. and Tomasseli, G. F. (1998). Structure and function of voltage-gated sodium channels. J. Physiol., Lond.508, 647\u2013657.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1998.647bp.x"},{"key":"2021042504512297200_MARTIN-EUCLAIRE-AND-COURAUD-1995","unstructured":"Martin-Euclaire, M. F. and Couraud, F. (1995). Scorpion neurotoxins: Effects and mechanisms. In Handbook of Neurotoxicology (ed. L. W. Chang and R. S. Dier), pp. 683\u2013716. New York: Marcel Dekker."},{"key":"2021042504512297200_MCINTOSH-ETAL-1999","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McIntosh, J. M., Olivera, B. M. and Cruz, L. J. (1999). Conus peptides as probes for ion channels. Methods Enzymol. 294, 605\u2013624.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(99)94034-X"},{"key":"2021042504512297200_ONETTI-ETAL-1990","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Onetti, C., Garcia, U., Valdiosera, R. and Are\u0301chiga, H. (1990). Ionic currents in crustacean neurosecretory cells. J. Neurophysiol. 64, 1514\u20131526.","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1990.64.5.1514"},{"key":"2021042504512297200_POSSANI-ETAL-1999A","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Possani, L. D., Becerril, B., Delepierre, M. and Tytgat, J. (1999a). Scorpion toxins specific for Na channels. Eur. J. Biochem.264, 287\u2013300.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-1327.1999.00625.x"},{"key":"2021042504512297200_POSSANI-ETAL-2001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Possani, L. D., Becerril, B., Tytgat, J. and Delepierre, M. (2001). High affinity scorpion toxins for studying potassium and sodium channels. In Ion Channel Localization Methods and Protocols (ed. A. Lopatin and C. C. Nichols), pp. 145\u2013165. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press Inc.","DOI":"10.1385\/1-59259-118-3:145"},{"key":"2021042504512297200_POSSANI-ETAL-1981","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Possani, L. D., Dent, M. A. R., Martin, B. M., Maelicke, A. and Svendsen, I. (1981). The amino terminal sequence of several toxins from the venom of the Mexican scorpion Centruroides noxius Hoffmann. Carlsberg Res. Commun.46, 207\u2013214.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02906498"},{"key":"2021042504512297200_POSSANI-ETAL-2000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Possani, L. D., Merino, E., Corona, M., Bolivar, F. and Becerril, B. (2000). Peptides and genes coding for scorpion toxins that affect ion channels. Biochimie82, 861\u2013868.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-9084(00)01167-6"},{"key":"2021042504512297200_POSSANI-ETAL-1999B","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Possani, L. D., Selisko, B. and Gurrola, G. B. (1999b). Structure and function of scorpion toxins affecting K+ channels. Perspect. Drug Discovery Design1516, 15\u201340.","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1017062613503"},{"key":"2021042504512297200_SCALONI-ETAL-2000","unstructured":"Scaloni, A., Bottiglieri, C., Ferrara, L., Corona, M., Gurrola, G. B., Wanke, E. and Possani, L. D. (2000). Disulphide bridges of Ergtoxin, a member of a new sub-family of peptide blockers of the ether-a-go-go-related K+ channel. FEBS Lett.479, 156\u2013157."},{"key":"2021042504512297200_SELISKO-ETAL-1996","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Selisko, B., Garci\u0301a, C., Becerril, B., Delepierre, M. and Possani, L. D. (1996). An insect-specific toxin from Centruroides noxius Hoffmann. cDNA, primary structure, three-dimensional model and electrostatic surface potentials in comparison with other toxin variants. Eur. J. Biochem.242, 235\u2013242.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1996.0235r.x"},{"key":"2021042504512297200_TERLAU-AND-STUUMLHMER-1998","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Terlau, H. and Stu\u0308hmer, W. (1998). Structure and function of voltage-gated ion channels. Naturwissenschaften85, 437\u2013444.","DOI":"10.1007\/s001140050527"},{"key":"2021042504512297200_TUGARINOV-ETAL-1997","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tugarinov, V., Kustanovich, I., Zilberberg, N., Gurevitz, M. and Anglister, J. (1997). Solution structures of a highly insecticidal recombinant scorpion beta-toxin and a mutant with increased activity. Biochemistry36, 2414\u20132424.","DOI":"10.1021\/bi961497l"},{"key":"2021042504512297200_TYTGAT-ETAL-1999","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tytgat, J., Chandy, K. G., Garcia, M. L., Gutman, G. A., Martin-Eauclaire, M. F., Van del Walt, J. J. and Possani, L. D. (1999). A unified nomenclature for short-chain peptides isolated from scorpion venoms: alpha-KTx molecular subfamilies. Trends Pharmacol. Sci.20, 444\u2013447.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-6147(99)01398-X"},{"key":"2021042504512297200_VALDIVIA-AND-POSSANI-1998","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valdivia, H. and Possani, L. D. (1998). Peptide toxins as probes of ryanodine receptor. Trends Cardiovasc. Med.8, 111\u2013118.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-1738(97)00138-2"},{"key":"2021042504512297200_WHEELER-ETAL-1983","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wheeler, K. P., Watt, D. D. and Lazdunski, M. (1983). Classification of Na channel receptors specific for various scorpion toxins. Pflu\u0308gers Arch.397, 164\u2013165.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00582058"},{"key":"2021042504512297200_ZILBERBERG-ETAL-1992","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zilberberg, N., Zlotkin, E. and Gurevitz, M. (1992). Molecular analysis of a transcript encoding the depressant insect selective neurotoxin of the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol.22, 199\u2013203.","DOI":"10.1016\/0965-1748(92)90160-G"},{"key":"2021042504512297200_ZLOTKIN-1987","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zlotkin, E. (1987). Pharmacology of survival: insect selective neurotoxins derived from scorpion venom. Endeavour11, 168\u2013174.","DOI":"10.1016\/0160-9327(87)90280-8"}],"container-title":["Journal of Experimental Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/205\/6\/869\/1243948\/869.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/205\/6\/869\/1243948\/869.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]],"date-time":"2023-11-02T17:55:18Z","timestamp":1698947718000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article\/205\/6\/869\/8928\/Cn11-the-first-example-of-a-scorpion-toxin-that-is"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,3,15]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,3,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jeb.205.6.869","relation":{},"ISSN":["1477-9145","0022-0949"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1477-9145","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0022-0949","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,3,15]]}}}