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The comparison of the contributions of different segments to step length clearly shows the proximal parts (scapula,femur) to produce more than half of the propulsive movement of the whole limb at symmetrical gaits. Basically, a three-segmented limb with zigzag configuration of segments is mainly displaced at the scapular pivot or hip joint, both of which have the same vertical distance to the ground. Two segments operate in matched motion during retraction of the limb. While kinematic parameters of forelimbs are independent of speed and gait (with the scapula as the dominant element), fundamental changes occur in hindlimb kinematics with the change from symmetrical to in-phase gaits. Forward motion of the hindlimbs is now mainly due to sagittal lumbar spine movements contributing to half of the step length. Kinematics of small therian mammals are independent of their systematic position, their natural habitat, and also of specific anatomical dispositions (e.g. reduction of fingers, toes, or clavicle). In contrast, the possession of a tail influences `pelvic movements'.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.205.9.1315","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,25]],"date-time":"2021-04-25T04:51:13Z","timestamp":1619326273000},"page":"1315-1338","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":231,"title":["Basic limb kinematics of small therian mammals"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"205","author":[{"given":"Martin S.","family":"Fischer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut fu\u0308r Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie,Friedrich-Schiller-Universita\u0308t, Jena, Erbertstrasse 1, D-07743 Jena,Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadja","family":"Schilling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut fu\u0308r Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie,Friedrich-Schiller-Universita\u0308t, Jena, Erbertstrasse 1, D-07743 Jena,Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut fu\u0308r Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie,Friedrich-Schiller-Universita\u0308t, Jena, Erbertstrasse 1, D-07743 Jena,Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dieter","family":"Haarhaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IWF Knowledge and Media gGmbH, Nonnenstieg 72, D-37075 Go\u0308ttingen, PO box 2351, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hartmut","family":"Witte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut fu\u0308r Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie,Friedrich-Schiller-Universita\u0308t, Jena, Erbertstrasse 1, D-07743 Jena,Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","reference":[{"key":"2021042504500146700_REF1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biewener, A. 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