{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T06:31:14Z","timestamp":1757313074112,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.biologists.com\/user-licence-1-1\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IOS-1755187"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IOS-1755187"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>The effects of the embryonic environment on juvenile phenotypes are widely recognized. We investigated the effect of embryonic hypoxia on the cardiovascular phenotype of 4-year-old American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis). We hypothesized that embryonic 10% oxygen preconditions cardiac function, decreasing the reduction in cardiac contractility associated with acute 5% oxygen exposure in juvenile alligators. Our findings indicate that dobutamine injections caused a 90% increase in systolic pressure in juveniles that were incubated in 21% and 10% O2 with the 10% O2 group responding with a greater rate of ventricular relaxation and greater left ventricle output compared the 21% O2 group. Further our findings indicate that juvenile alligators that experienced embryonic hypoxia have a faster rate of ventricular relaxation, greater left ventricle stroke volume, and greater cardiac power following beta-adrenergic stimulation, compared to juvenile alligators that did not experience embryonic hypoxia. When juveniles were exposed to 5% oxygen for 20 minutes, normoxic-incubated juveniles had a 50% decline in left ventricle maximal rate of pressure development and maximal pressure; however, these parameters were unaffected and decreased less in the hypoxic-incubated juveniles. These data indicate that embryonic hypoxia in crocodilians alters the cardiovascular phenotype, changing the juvenile response to acute hypoxia and beta-adrenergic stimulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.205419","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,23]],"date-time":"2019-09-23T16:04:06Z","timestamp":1569254646000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Embryonic developmental oxygen preconditions cardiovascular function response to acute hypoxic exposure and maximal \u03b2-adrenergic stimulation of anesthetized juvenile American alligators (<i>Alligator mississippiensis<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1242","author":[{"given":"Brandt","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janna L.","family":"Crossley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruth M.","family":"Elsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge, Grand Chenier, LA 70643, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James W.","family":"Hicks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"II","given":"Dane A.","family":"Crossley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021042623514495900_JEB205419C1","article-title":"Thermal, hydric and respiratory climate of nests","volume-title":"Reptilian Incubation: Environment, Evolution and Behaviour","author":"Ackerman","year":"2004"},{"key":"2021042623514495900_JEB205419C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2509","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.198.12.2509","article-title":"The role of the pericardium and the effects of adrenaline and changes in oxygen tension on the performance of an in situ perfused crocodile heart","volume":"198","author":"Axelsson","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. 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