{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T15:46:32Z","timestamp":1782143192808,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.biologists.com\/user-licence-1-1\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["BCS-1231717"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BCS-1231717"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>\u201cMacrosmatic\u201d mammals have dedicated olfactory regions within their nasal cavity and segregated airstreams for olfaction and respiratory air-conditioning. Here we examine the 3D distribution of olfactory surface area (SA) and nasal airflow patterns in the pygmy slow loris (Nycticebus pygmaeus) to determine the degree to which their complex nasal cavities are similar to \u201cmacrosmats\u201d such as canids. Using the head of an adult loris cadaver, we co-registered micro computed tomography (CT) slices and histology sections to create a 3D reconstruction of the olfactory mucosa distribution. Histological sections were used to measure olfactory surface area and to annotate CT reconstructions. The loris has a complex olfactory recess (\u223c19% of total nasal SA) with multiple olfactory turbinals. However, the first ethmoturbinal has a rostral projection that extends far anterior to the olfactory recess, lined by \u223c90% non-olfactory epithelium. Only one (of three) frontoturbinals bears olfactory mucosa. Computational fluid dynamics simulations of nasal airflow and odorant deposition reveal that there is some segregation of respiratory and olfactory flow in the loris nose, but that it is not as distinct as in the dog. In the loris, airflow is segregated medially and laterally to vertically elongated, plate-like first ethmoturbinals. Thus, lorises may be said to have certain macrosmatic anatomical characteristics (e.g., olfactory recess), but not segregated nasal airflow patterns that are optimized for olfaction. These results imply that a binary \u201cmicrosmatic\/macrosmatic\u201d dichotomy does not exist. Rather, mammals appear to exhibit complex trends with respect to specialization of the turbinals and recesses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.207605","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,11]],"date-time":"2019-11-11T16:15:14Z","timestamp":1573488914000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Nasal airflow in the pygmy slow loris (<i>Nycticebus pygmaeus<\/i>) based on a combined histologic, computed tomographic, and computational fluid dynamics methodology"],"prefix":"10.1242","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6883-8964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy D.","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Therapy, Slippery Rock Univ, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brent A.","family":"Craven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serena M.","family":"Engel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Therapy, Slippery Rock Univ, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Bonar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dallas Zoo, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valerie B.","family":"DeLeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, Univ. of Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021042623143166600_JEB207605C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001330104","article-title":"Olfactory and non-olfactory epithelia in the nasal cavity of the mouse, Peromyscus","volume":"133","author":"Adams","year":"1972","journal-title":"Am. 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