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We investigated whether AVCS formation coincides with ventricular septation in developing Siamese crocodiles (Crocodylus siamensis). Comparisons were made with Amazon toadhead turtle (Mesoclemmys heliostemma) with a partial septum only and no AVCS (negative control) and with chicken (Gallus gallus) (septum and AVCS, positive control). Optical mapping of the electrical impulse in the crocodile and chicken showed a similar developmental specialization that coincided with full ventricular septation, whereas in the turtle the ventricular activation remained primitive. Co-localization of neural marker human natural killer-1 (HNK-1) and cardiomyocyte marker anti-myosin heavy chain (MF20) identified the AVCS on top of the ventricular septum in the crocodile and chicken only. AVCS formation is correlated with ventricular septation in both evolution and development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.229278","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,12]],"date-time":"2020-10-12T12:45:12Z","timestamp":1602506712000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The formation of the atrioventricular conduction axis is linked in development to ventricular septation"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"223","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2399-0428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alena","family":"Kvasilova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, U Nemocnice 3, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0991-1420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronika","family":"Olejnickova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, U Nemocnice 3, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Physiology, Department of Developmental Cardiology, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7750-8035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bjarke","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Meibergdreef 15, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4131-2636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent M.","family":"Christoffels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Meibergdreef 15, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1861-9445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hana","family":"Kolesova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, U Nemocnice 3, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6828-3671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Sedmera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, U Nemocnice 3, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Physiology, Department of Developmental Cardiology, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4982-4524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Gregorovicova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, U Nemocnice 3, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Physiology, Department of Developmental Cardiology, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021042700380632600_JEB229278C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd5030044","article-title":"The anatomy, development, and evolution of the atrioventricular conduction axis","volume":"5","author":"Anderson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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