{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T23:33:12Z","timestamp":1781652792032,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.biologists.com\/user-licence-1-1\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2018-03727"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2018-03727"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012161","name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012161","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Effective \u2018valving\u2019 in the upper aerodigestive tract (UAT) is essential to temporarily separate the digestive and respiratory pathways. Marine mammals are largely dedicated to feeding underwater, and in many cases swallowing prey whole. In seals, little work has been done to explore the anatomy and function of the upper aerodigestive tract in the context of valving mechanisms that function to separate food and air pathways. Here we use videofluoroscopy, gross dissection, histology and CT renderings to explore the anatomy of the larynx and soft palate in the harbour seal (Phoca vitulina), and generate models for how valving mechanisms in the head and neck may function during breathing, phonating, diving and swallowing. Harbour seals have an elevated larynx and the epiglottis may rise above the level of the soft palate, particularly in pups when sucking. In addition, the corniculate and arytenoid cartilages with associated muscles form most of the lateral margins of the laryngeal inlet and vestibule, and move independently to facilitate airway closure. The corniculate cartilages flex over the laryngeal inlet beneath the epiglottis to completely close the laryngeal vestibule and inlet. The vocal folds are thick and muscular and the medial margin of the folds contains a small vocal ligament. The soft palate has well-defined levator veli palatini muscles that likely function to elevate the palate and close the pharyngeal isthmus during feeding. Our results support the conclusion that harbour seals have evolved UAT valving mechanisms as adaptations to a marine environment that are not seen in terrestrial carnivores.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.230201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,7]],"date-time":"2020-09-07T09:25:26Z","timestamp":1599470726000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Laryngeal and soft palate valving in the harbour seal (<i>Phoca vitulina<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1242","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9755-6587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arlo","family":"Adams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7694-7602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wayne","family":"Vogl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9910-666X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camilla","family":"Dawson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Audiology and Speech Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada"},{"name":"University Hospital Birmingham Foundation Trust, Birmingham, Great Britain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Raverty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Health Center, Abbotsford, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1204-0582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Haulena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vancouver Aquarium, Vancouver, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7682-8053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stacey A.","family":"Skoretz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Audiology and Speech Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021042700474105000_JEB230201C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051470306","article-title":"A gross and microscopic study of the respiratory anatomy of the Antarctic Weddell seal, Leptonychotes weddelli","volume":"147","author":"Boyd","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. 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