{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T07:42:59Z","timestamp":1781250179649,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.biologists.com\/user-licence-1-1\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Austrian Science Fund","award":["P 26 246- B17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P 26 246- B17"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Golden hamsters have four times the body size of mice, raise very large litters and are required to produce big quantities of milk during the 18 days lactation period. We have previously proposed that they may be prone to being limited by their heat dissipation capacity. Studies where lactating females are shaved to elevate their heat dissipation capacity have yielded conflicting data so far. With their short pregnancy of ca. 18 days, the large litters and the reported higher skin temperatures they may serve an ideal model as to elucidate the role of epilation for energy budgets in lactating mammals. We shaved one group of lactating females dorsally on the 6th day of lactation, and tested, if the elevated heat dissipation capacity would enable them to have higher energy intakes and better food to milk conversion rates. Indeed, we observed that females from the shaved group had 6% higher body masses and 0.78\u00b0 C lower skin temperatures than control females during lactation. When focusing on the phase of peak lactation, we observed significantly higher (10%) gross energy intakes of food and 23.4% more milk energy output in the shaved females resulting in 3.3g higher individual pup weights.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>We conclude that shaving off the females\u2019 fur, even though restricted to the dorsal surface, had large consequences on female energy metabolism in lactation and improved milk production and pup growth in line with our previous work on heat dissipation limitation. Our new data from golden hamsters confirm heat dissipation as a limiting factor for sustained metabolic rate in lactation in some small mammals and emphasize the large effects of a relatively small manipulation such as fur removal on energy metabolism of lactating females.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.230383","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,13]],"date-time":"2020-11-13T20:45:19Z","timestamp":1605300319000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Limits to sustained energy intake XXXII: Hot again: dorsal shaving increases energy intake and milk output in golden hamsters (<i>Mesocricetus auratus<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1242","author":[{"given":"S. A.","family":"Ohrnberger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterin\u00e4rplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Hambly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB 24 2 TZ, Scotland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. R.","family":"Speakman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB 24 2 TZ, Scotland"},{"name":"Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"CAS Center of Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Kunming, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7222-2265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T. G.","family":"Valencak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterin\u00e4rplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, 866 Yuhangtang Road, 310058 Hangzhou, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021042700421894300_JEB230383C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"jeb219790","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.219790","article-title":"Experimental facilitation of heat loss affects work rate and innate immune function in a breeding passerine bird","volume":"223","author":"Andreasson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042700421894300_JEB230383C2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0269-8463.2004.00821.x","article-title":"Measuring metabolic rate in the field: the pros and cons of the doubly labelled water and heart rate methods","volume":"18","author":"Butler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"2021042700421894300_JEB230383C3","article-title":"Food habits and food assimilation in mammals","volume-title":"Methods for Ecological Bioenergetics","author":"Drozdz","year":"1975"},{"key":"2021042700421894300_JEB230383C4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-006-0159-3","article-title":"Differences in reproductive success between laboratory and wild-derived golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) as a consequence of inbreeding","volume":"60","author":"Fritzsche","year":"2006","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol."},{"key":"2021042700421894300_JEB230383C5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2328","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.078410","article-title":"Limits to sustained energy intake. XVI. Body temperature and physical activity of female mice during pregnancy","volume":"216","author":"Gamo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042700421894300_JEB230383C6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3751","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.090308","article-title":"Limits to sustained energy intake. XX. Body temperatures and physical activity of female mice during lactation","volume":"216","author":"Gamo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042700421894300_JEB230383C7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2435.2012.02048.x","article-title":"Heat dissipation limit theory and the evolution of avian functional traits in a warming world","volume":"26","author":"Gr\u00e9millet","year":"2012","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"2021042700421894300_JEB230383C8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20150386","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2015.0386","article-title":"Does hyperthermia constrain flight duration in a short-distance migrant?","volume":"371","author":"Guillemette","year":"2016","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"2021042700421894300_JEB230383C9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1086\/physzool.65.5.30158552","article-title":"An experimental test for a ceiling on sustained metabolic rate in lactating mice","volume":"65","author":"Hammond","year":"1992","journal-title":"Physiol. Zool."},{"key":"2021042700421894300_JEB230383C10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/386457a0","article-title":"Maximal sustained energy budgets in humans and animals","volume":"386","author":"Hammond","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021042700421894300_JEB230383C11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1086\/317757","article-title":"Responses to lactation and cold exposure by deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus)","volume":"73","author":"Hammond","year":"2000","journal-title":"Physiol. Zool."},{"key":"2021042700421894300_JEB230383C12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1086\/physzool.67.6.30163908","article-title":"Metabolic ceilings under a combination of peak energy demands","volume":"67","author":"Hammond","year":"1994","journal-title":"Physiol. Zool."},{"key":"2021042700421894300_JEB230383C13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"jeb221911","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.221911","article-title":"Limits to sustained energy intake. XXXI. Effect of graded levels of dietary fat on lactation performance in Swiss mice","volume":"223","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042700421894300_JEB230383C14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.204.11.1967","article-title":"Limits to sustained energy intake. V. Effect of cold exposure during lactation in Mus musculus","volume":"204","author":"Johnson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042700421894300_JEB230383C15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.204.11.1925","article-title":"Limits to sustained energy intake. I. Lactation in the laboratory mouse Mus musculus","volume":"204","author":"Johnson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042700421894300_JEB230383C16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"jeb180828","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb180828","article-title":"Limits to sustained energy intake. XXVIII. Beneficial effects of high dietary fat on lactation performance in mice","volume":"221","author":"Kagya-Agyemang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042700421894300_JEB230383C17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00115-X","article-title":"Huddling, locomotor, and nest-building behaviors of furred and furless Siberian hamsters","volume":"79","author":"Kauffman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"2021042700421894300_JEB230383C18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4267","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.00675","article-title":"Limits to sustained energy intake VII. Milk energy output in laboratory mice at thermoneutrality","volume":"206","author":"Kr\u00f3l","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042700421894300_JEB230383C19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4233","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.009779","article-title":"Limits to sustained energy intake. X. Effects of fur removal on reproductive performance in laboratory mice","volume":"210","author":"Kr\u00f3l","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042700421894300_JEB230383C20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20180652","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2018.0652","article-title":"Testing the heat dissipation limit theory in a breeding passerine","volume":"285","author":"Nilsson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"2021042700421894300_JEB230383C21","first-page":"1","article-title":"Heat dissipation rate constrains reproductive investment in a wild bird","volume":"2018","author":"Nord","year":"2018","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"2021042700421894300_JEB230383C22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s00114-017-1536-7","article-title":"Dorsal shaving affects concentrations of faecal cortisol metabolites in lactating golden hamsters","volume":"105","author":"Ohrnberger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Nat."},{"key":"2021042700421894300_JEB230383C23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"jeb183749","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.183749","article-title":"Limits to sustained energy intake. XXIX. The case of the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus)","volume":"221","author":"Ohrnberger","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042700421894300_JEB230383C24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s12983-016-0183-8","article-title":"Ambient temperature affects postnatal litter size reduction in golden hamsters","volume":"13","author":"Ohrnberger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Zool."},{"key":"2021042700421894300_JEB230383C25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"jeb204669","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.204669","article-title":"Not that hot after all: no limits to heat dissipation in lactating mice selected for high or low BMR","volume":"222","author":"Sadowska","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042700421894300_JEB230383C26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.134437","article-title":"Limits to sustained energy intake. XXIII. Does heat dissipation capacity limit the energy budget of lactating bank voles?","volume":"219","author":"Sadowska","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042700421894300_JEB230383C27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.044230","article-title":"Ambient temperature shapes reproductive output during pregnancy and lactation in the common vole (Microtus arvalis): a test of the heat dissipation limit theory","volume":"214","author":"Simons","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042700421894300_JEB230383C28","first-page":"746","article-title":"How should we calculate CO2 production in doubly-labelled water studies of animals","volume":"7","author":"Speakman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"2021042700421894300_JEB230383C29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1086\/430234","article-title":"Comparison of different approaches for the calculation of energy expenditure using doubly labeled water in a small mammal","volume":"78","author":"Speakman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Physiol. Biochem. Zool."},{"key":"2021042700421894300_JEB230383C30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2010.01689.x","article-title":"Maximal heat dissipation capacity and hyperthermia risk: neglected key factors in the ecology of endotherms","volume":"79","author":"Speakman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol."},{"key":"2021042700421894300_JEB230383C31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5193(87)80162-5","article-title":"The equilibrium concentration of oxygen-18 in body water: implications for the accuracy of the doubly-labelled water technique and a potential new method of measuring RQ in free-living animals","volume":"127","author":"Speakman","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"2021042700421894300_JEB230383C32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.204.11.1957","article-title":"Limits to sustained energy intake IV: Effect of variation in food quality on lactating mice (Mus musculus)","volume":"204","author":"Speakman","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042700421894300_JEB230383C33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1021\/ac00206a011","article-title":"Interlaboratory comparison of different analytical techniques for the determination of O-18 abundance","volume":"62","author":"Speakman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"2021042700421894300_JEB230383C34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"jeb222232","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.222232","article-title":"Heat dissipation capacity influences reproductive performance in an aerial insectivore","volume":"223","author":"Tapper","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042700421894300_JEB230383C35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2308","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.078394","article-title":"Limits to sustained energy intake. XIV. Heritability of reproductive performance in mice","volume":"216","author":"Vaanholt","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042700421894300_JEB230383C36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1007\/s00360-009-0376-y","article-title":"Energy turnover in European hares is centrally limited during early, but not during peak lactation","volume":"179","author":"Valencak","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. B"},{"key":"2021042700421894300_JEB230383C37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.022640","article-title":"Peak energy turnover in lactating European hares: the role of fat reserves","volume":"212","author":"Valencak","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042700421894300_JEB230383C38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4326","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.092023","article-title":"Limits to sustained energy intake. XXI. Effect of exposing the mother, but not her pups, to a cold environment during lactation in mice","volume":"216","author":"Valencak","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042700421894300_JEB230383C39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.157107","article-title":"Sustained energy intake in lactating Swiss mice: a dual modulation process","volume":"220","author":"Wen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042700421894300_JEB230383C40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3358","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.085233","article-title":"Limits to sustained energy intake. XIX. A test of the heat dissipation limitation hypothesis in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus)","volume":"216","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042700421894300_JEB230383C41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2541","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.029603","article-title":"Effect of fur removal on the thermal conductance and energy budget in lactating Swiss mice","volume":"212","author":"Zhao","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042700421894300_JEB230383C42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.04.017","article-title":"Milk energy output during peak lactation in shaved Swiss mice","volume":"101","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"2021042700421894300_JEB230383C43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31626","DOI":"10.1038\/srep31626","article-title":"Limits to sustained energy intake. XXV. Milk energy output and thermogenesis in Swiss mice lactating at thermoneutrality","volume":"6","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2021042700421894300_JEB230383C44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.3106\/041.041.0406","article-title":"Limits to sustainable energy intake during lactation in Eothenomys miletus: effects of fur-shaving and litter size","volume":"41","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mammal. Study"},{"key":"2021042700421894300_JEB230383C45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e72646","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0072646","article-title":"Male weasels decrease activity and energy expenditure in response to high ambient temperatures","volume":"8","author":"Zub","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLOS One"}],"container-title":["Journal of Experimental Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1242\/jeb.230383","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1242\/jeb.230383\/1981126\/jeb230383.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1242\/jeb.230383\/2068153\/jeb_230383v1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1242\/jeb.230383\/2068153\/jeb_230383v1.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]],"date-time":"2021-05-18T22:08:42Z","timestamp":1621375722000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article\/doi\/10.1242\/jeb.230383\/267810\/Limits-to-sustained-energy-intake-XXXII-Hot-again"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]]},"references-count":45,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jeb.230383","relation":{},"ISSN":["1477-9145","0022-0949"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1477-9145","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0022-0949","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]]},"article-number":"jeb.230383"}}