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We measured heart rate (fH) in six adult male bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) spontaneously breathing at the surface to quantify the relationship between respiration and fH, and compared this with fH during submerged breath-holds. We found that dolphins exhibit a pronounced respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) during surface breathing, resulting in a rapid increase in fH after a breath followed by a gradual decrease over the following 15\u201320\u2005s to a steady fH that is maintained until the following breath. RSA resulted in a maximum instantaneous fH (ifH) of 87.4\u00b113.6\u2005beats\u2005min\u22121 and a minimum ifH of 56.8\u00b114.8\u2005beats\u2005min\u22121, and the degree of RSA was positively correlated with the inter-breath interval (IBI). The minimum ifH during 2\u2005min submerged breath-holds where dolphins exhibited submersion bradycardia (36.4\u00b19.0\u2005beats\u2005min\u22121) was lower than the minimum ifH observed during an average IBI; however, during IBIs longer than 30\u2005s, the minimum ifH (38.7\u00b110.6\u2005beats\u2005min\u22121) was not significantly different from that during 2\u2005min breath-holds. These results demonstrate that the fH patterns observed during submerged breath-holds are similar to those resulting from RSA during an extended IBI. Here, we highlight the importance of RSA in influencing fH variability and emphasize the need to understand its relationship to submersion bradycardia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.234096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]],"date-time":"2020-11-30T15:41:40Z","timestamp":1606750900000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Respiratory sinus arrhythmia and submersion bradycardia in bottlenose dolphins (<i>Tursiops truncatus<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"224","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4109-9003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashley M.","family":"Blawas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University Marine Laboratory 1 , Beaufort, NC 28516 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8137-1836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Douglas P.","family":"Nowacek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University Marine Laboratory 1 , Beaufort, NC 28516 , USA"},{"name":"Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University 2 , Durham, NC 27708 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5165-8879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Austin S.","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University Marine Laboratory 1 , Beaufort, NC 28516 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Rocho-Levine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dolphin Quest, Oahu 3 , 5000 Kahala Avenue, Honolulu, HI 96816 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8675-6479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Fahlman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4 Fundaci\u00f3n Oceanogr\u00e0fic de la Comunitat Valenciana, c\/Gran V\u00eda Marqu\u00e9s del Turia 19 , 46005, Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Global Diving Research, Inc. 5 , Ottawa, ON , Canada , K2J 5E8"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023011107534338300_JEB234096C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.200.15.2083","article-title":"Heart rates of northern elephant seals diving at sea and resting on the beach","volume":"200","author":"Andrews","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. 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