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The current study tested whether this is due to elevated PCO2\u00a0or the consequent reduction in seawater pH and, if the former, the possible involvement of carbonic anhydrase, the enzyme responsible for the hydration of CO2 and production of carbonic acid. Olfactory sensitivity to amino acids was assessed by extracellular multi-unit recording from the olfactory nerve of the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) in normal seawater (pH \u223c8.2), and after acute exposure to acidified seawater (pH \u223c7.7) but normal PCO2\u00a0(\u223c340\u2005\u00b5atm) or to high PCO2\u00a0seawater (\u223c1400\u2005\u00b5atm) at normal pH (\u223c8.2). Reduced pH in the absence of elevated PCO2\u00a0caused a reduction in olfactory sensitivity to l-serine, l-leucine, l-arginine and l-glutamine, but not l-glutamic acid. Increased PCO2\u00a0in the absence of changes in pH caused reduced olfactory sensitivity to l-serine, l-leucine and l-arginine, including increases in their threshold of detection, but had no effect on sensitivity to l-glutamine and l-glutamic acid. Inclusion of 1\u2005mmol\u2005l\u22121 acetazolamide (a membrane-permeant inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase) in the seawater reversed the inhibition of olfactory sensitivity to l-serine caused by high PCO2. Ocean acidification may reduce olfactory sensitivity by reductions in seawater pH and intracellular pH (of olfactory receptor neurones); the former by reducing odorant\u2013receptor affinity, and the latter by reducing the efficiency of olfactory transduction. The physiological role of carbonic anhydrase in the olfactory receptor neurones remains to be explored.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.238485","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]],"date-time":"2021-03-03T15:40:18Z","timestamp":1614786018000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Independent effects of seawater pH and high <i>P<\/i>CO2\u00a0on olfactory sensitivity in fish: possible role of carbonic anhydrase"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"224","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2761-4048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Z\u00e9lia","family":"Velez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Ci\u00eancias do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6975-7576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita A.","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Ci\u00eancias do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4836-1844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenjing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Ci\u00eancias do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3007-4647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter C.","family":"Hubbard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Ci\u00eancias do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021042701225120200_JEB238485C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00495782","article-title":"Carbonic anhydrase is present in olfactory receptor cells","volume":"80","author":"Brown","year":"1984","journal-title":"Histochemistry"},{"key":"2021042701225120200_JEB238485C2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2000.84.1.575","article-title":"Blocking adenylyl cyclase inhibits olfactory generator currents induced by \u201cIP3-odors\u201d","volume":"84","author":"Chen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. 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