{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T07:21:05Z","timestamp":1789716065621,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]],"date-time":"2021-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Research Council","award":["682501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["682501"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The aerial hunting behaviours of birds are strongly influenced by flight morphology and ecology, but little is known of how this relates to the behavioural algorithms guiding flight. Here, we used GPS loggers to record the attack trajectories of captive-bred gyrfalcons (Falco rusticolus) during their maiden flights against robotic aerial targets, which we compared with existing flight data from peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus). The attack trajectories of both species were well modelled by a proportional navigation (PN) guidance law, which commands turning in proportion to the angular rate of the line-of-sight to target, at a guidance gain N. However, naive gyrfalcons operate at significantly lower values of N than peregrine falcons, producing slower turning and a longer path to intercept. Gyrfalcons are less manoeuvrable than peregrine falcons, but physical constraint is insufficient to explain the lower values of N we found, which may reflect either the inexperience of the individual birds or ecological adaptation at the species level. For example, low values of N promote the tail-chasing behaviour that is typical of wild gyrfalcons and which apparently serves to tire their prey in a prolonged high-speed pursuit. Likewise, during close pursuit of typical fast evasive prey, PN will be less prone to being thrown off by erratic target manoeuvres at low guidance gain. The fact that low-gain PN successfully models the maiden attack flights of gyrfalcons suggests that this behavioural algorithm is embedded in a guidance pathway ancestral to the clade containing gyrfalcons and peregrine falcons, though perhaps with much deeper evolutionary origins.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.238493","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]],"date-time":"2021-02-03T11:12:49Z","timestamp":1612350769000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Attack behaviour in naive gyrfalcons is modelled by the same guidance law as in peregrine falcons, but at a lower guidance gain"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"224","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4428-7205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline H.","family":"Brighton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine E.","family":"Chapman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas C.","family":"Fox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wingbeat Ltd, Carmarthen, SA33 5YL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8289-755X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Graham K.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021042701132608400_JEB238493C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-919X.1971.tb05180.x","article-title":"Hunting methods and choice of prey of gyrfalcons Falco rusticolus at Myvatn in northeast Iceland","volume":"113","author":"Bengtson","year":"1971","journal-title":"Ibis"},{"key":"2021042701132608400_JEB238493C2","article-title":"Attack behaviour in naive Gyrfalcons is modelled by the same guidance law as in Peregrines, but at a lower guidance gain. Dryad, Dataset","author":"Brighton","year":"2021"},{"key":"2021042701132608400_JEB238493C3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2462","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10454-z","article-title":"Hawks steer attacks using a guidance system tuned for close pursuit of erratically manoeuvring targets","volume":"10","author":"Brighton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2021042701132608400_JEB238493C4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13495","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1714532114","article-title":"Terminal attack trajectories of peregrine falcons are described by the proportional navigation guidance law of missiles","volume":"114","author":"Brighton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2021042701132608400_JEB238493C5","volume-title":"The Falcons of the World","author":"Cade","year":"1982"},{"key":"2021042701132608400_JEB238493C6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-919X.1996.tb04770.x","article-title":"Surprise as a winter hunting strategy in sparrowhawks Accipiter nisus, peregrines Falco peregrinus and merlins F. columbarius","volume":"138","author":"Cresswell","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ibis"},{"key":"2021042701132608400_JEB238493C7","first-page":"169","article-title":"Observations of wintering gyrfalcons (Falco rusticolus) hunting sage grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) in Wyoming and Montana USA","volume":"27","author":"Garber","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Raptor Res."},{"key":"2021042701132608400_JEB238493C8","article-title":"Dimensional relationships for flying animals","volume":"144","author":"Greenewalt","year":"1962","journal-title":"Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections Smithsonian Institution"},{"key":"2021042701132608400_JEB238493C9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2020.04.018","article-title":"An algorithmic approach to natural behavior","volume":"30","author":"Hein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"2021042701132608400_JEB238493C10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1253451","article-title":"Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds","volume":"346","author":"Jarvis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021042701132608400_JEB238493C11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.092403","article-title":"Falcons pursue prey using visual motion cues: new perspectives from animal-borne cameras","volume":"217","author":"Kane","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042701132608400_JEB238493C12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1006044","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1006044","article-title":"Physics-based simulations of aerial attacks by peregrine falcons reveal that stooping at high speed maximizes catch success against agile prey","volume":"14","author":"Mills","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"2021042701132608400_JEB238493C13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jav.01979","article-title":"Sexual size dimorphism, prey morphology and catch success in relation to flight mechanics in the peregrine falcon: a simulation study","volume":"50","author":"Mills","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Avian Biol."},{"key":"2021042701132608400_JEB238493C14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.4080\/are.2017\/003","article-title":"Gyrfalcon and ptarmigan predator-prey relationship","volume-title":"Applied Raptor Ecology: Essentials from Gyrfalcon Research","author":"Nielsen","year":"2017"},{"key":"2021042701132608400_JEB238493C15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.25.2.531","article-title":"Shedding some light on catching in the dark: perceptual mechanisms for catching fly balls","volume":"25","author":"Oudejans","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. 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Biol."},{"key":"2021042701132608400_JEB238493C24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.201.13.2061","article-title":"Diving speeds and angles of a gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus)","volume":"201","author":"Tucker","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042701132608400_JEB238493C25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3755","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.203.24.3755","article-title":"Curved flight paths and sideways vision in peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus)","volume":"203","author":"Tucker","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042701132608400_JEB238493C26","first-page":"49","article-title":"Hunting range and strategies in a tundra breeding peregrine and gyrfalcon observed from a helicopter","volume":"25","author":"White","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. 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