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After tag implantation under anaesthesia, heart rate (fH) required 60\u2005h to recover to a stable value in a holding tank. Subsequently, when undisturbed under control conditions (normoxia, 21\u00b0C), mean fH was always significantly lower in the tank than in the respirometers. In progressive hypoxia (100% to 15% oxygen saturation), mean fH in the tank was significantly lower than in the respirometers at oxygen levels down to 40%, with significant bradycardia in both holding conditions below this level. Simultaneous logging of tri-axial body acceleration revealed that spontaneous activity, inferred as the variance of external acceleration (VARm), was low and invariant in hypoxia. Warming (21 to 31\u00b0C) caused progressive tachycardia with no differences in fH between holding conditions. Mean VARm was, however, significantly higher in the tank during warming, with a positive relationship between VARm and fH across all temperatures. Therefore, spontaneous activity contributed to raising fH of fish in the tank during warming. Mean fH in respirometers had a highly significant linear relationship with mean rates of oxygen uptake, considering data from hypoxia and warming together. The high fH of confined seabream indicates that respirometry techniques may bias estimates of metabolic traits in some fishes, and that biologging on free-swimming fish will provide more reliable insight into cardiac and behavioural responses to environmental stressors by fish in their natural environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.242397","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]],"date-time":"2021-06-30T22:07:14Z","timestamp":1625090834000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Cardiac and behavioural responses to hypoxia and warming in free-swimming gilthead seabream,\n                    <i>Sparus aurata<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"224","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3239-0707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre","family":"Mignucci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MARBEC, Universit\u00e9 de Montpelier, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, 34200 S\u00e8te, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7149-3648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00e9r\u00f4me","family":"Bourjea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARBEC, Universit\u00e9 de Montpelier, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, 34200 S\u00e8te, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4845-4277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabien","family":"Forget","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARBEC, Universit\u00e9 de Montpelier, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, 34200 S\u00e8te, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hossein","family":"Allal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHU de Montpellier, Service Chirurgie P\u00e9diatrique, 34000 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3659-7713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gilbert","family":"Dutto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARBEC, Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, 34250, Palavas-les-Flots, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7545-4037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric","family":"Gasset","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARBEC, Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, 34250, Palavas-les-Flots, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0961-9101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David J.","family":"McKenzie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARBEC, Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, 34095 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021072609292577000_JEB242397C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007861118404","article-title":"Circadian heart rate changes and light-dependence in the Mediterranean seabream Sparus aurata","volume":"22","author":"Aissaoui","year":"2000","journal-title":"Fish Physiol. 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