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They climb on plants using the abdominal prolegs to grip and maneuver in any orientation and on different surfaces. The prolegs grip passively with an array of cuticular hooks, and grip release is actively controlled by retractor muscles inserted into the soft planta membrane at the proleg tip. Until now, the principal planta retractor muscles (PPRMs) in each body segment were thought to be a single fiber bundle originating on the lateral body wall. Here, using high resolution X-ray microtomography of intact animals, we show that the PPRM is a more complex muscle consisting of multiple contractile fibers originating at several distinct sites on the proleg. Furthermore, we show that there are segmental differences in the number and size of some of these fiber groups which suggests that the prolegs may operate differently along the anterior\u2013posterior axis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.242508","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,18]],"date-time":"2021-06-18T09:33:09Z","timestamp":1624008789000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Proleg retractor muscles in<i>Manduca sexta<\/i>larvae are segmentally different, suggesting anteroposterior specialization"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"224","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9804-5298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony E.","family":"Scibelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tufts University, Department of Biology, 200 Boston Avenue, Suite 2600, Medford, MA 02155, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1500-8713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel P.","family":"Caron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tufts University, Department of Biology, 200 Boston Avenue, Suite 2600, Medford, MA 02155, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8380-1820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hitoshi","family":"Aonuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1782-7373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barry A.","family":"Trimmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tufts University, Department of Biology, 200 Boston Avenue, Suite 2600, Medford, MA 02155, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021070514255887800_JEB242508C1","first-page":"507","article-title":"Muskulatur und Bewegungsart der Raupen","volume":"62","author":"Barth","year":"1937","journal-title":"Zool. 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