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Coping with this environmental challenge will depend on the ability to rapidly compensate for the internal acid\u2013base disturbance caused by sudden exposure to high environmental CO2 (blood and tissue acidosis); however, studies about the speed of acid\u2013base regulatory responses in marine fish are scarce. We observed that upon sudden exposure to \u223c1\u2005kPa CO2, European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) completely regulate erythrocyte intracellular pH within \u223c40\u2005min, thus restoring haemoglobin\u2013O2 affinity to pre-exposure levels. Moreover, blood pH returned to normal levels within \u223c2\u2005h, which is one of the fastest acid\u2013base recoveries documented in any fish. This was achieved via a large upregulation of net acid excretion and accumulation of HCO3\u2212 in blood, which increased from \u223c4 to \u223c22\u2005mmol\u2005l\u22121. While the abundance and intracellular localisation of gill Na+\/K+-ATPase (NKA) and Na+\/H+ exchanger 3 (NHE3) remained unchanged, the apical surface area of acid-excreting gill ionocytes doubled. This constitutes a novel mechanism for rapidly increasing acid excretion during sudden blood acidosis. Rapid acid\u2013base regulation was completely prevented when the same high CO2 exposure occurred in seawater with experimentally reduced HCO3\u2212 and pH, probably because reduced environmental pH inhibited gill H+ excretion via NHE3. The rapid and robust acid\u2013base regulatory responses identified will enable European sea bass to maintain physiological performance during large and sudden CO2 fluctuations that naturally occur in coastal environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.242735","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]],"date-time":"2022-01-10T06:21:42Z","timestamp":1641795702000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Rapid blood acid\u2013base regulation by European sea bass (\n                    <i>Dicentrarchus labrax<\/i>\n                    ) in response to sudden exposure to high environmental CO2"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"225","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2351-5886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel W.","family":"Montgomery","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9183-2731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Garfield T.","family":"Kwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"},{"name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries Service, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0501-8851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William G.","family":"Davison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Finlay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Berry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen D.","family":"Simpson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7821-7029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georg H.","family":"Engelhard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, NR33 0HT, UK"},{"name":"School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5321-8108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvana N. 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