{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:09:29Z","timestamp":1790208569802,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]],"date-time":"2021-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["DEB-1542679"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEB-1542679"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["OPP-1602488"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP-1602488"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["OPP-1602488"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP-1602488"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["IOS-2040022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IOS-2040022"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000008","name":"David and Lucile Packard Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000008","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Animals are known to regulate the composition of their cell membranes to maintain key biophysical properties in response to changes in temperature. For deep-sea marine organisms, high hydrostatic pressure represents an additional, yet much more poorly understood, perturbant of cell membrane structure. Previous studies in fish and marine microbes have reported correlations with temperature and depth of membrane-fluidizing lipid components, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids. Because little has been done to isolate the separate effects of temperature and pressure on the lipid pool, it is still not understood whether these two environmental factors elicit independent or overlapping biochemical adaptive responses. Here, we use the taxonomic and habitat diversity of the phylum Ctenophora to test whether distinct low-temperature and high-pressure signatures can be detected in fatty acid profiles. We measured the fatty acid composition of 105 individual ctenophores, representing 21 species, from deep and shallow Arctic, temperate, and tropical sampling locales (sea surface temperature, \u22122\u00b0 to 28\u00b0C). In tropical and temperate regions, remotely operated submersibles (ROVs) enabled sampling down to 4000\u2005m. We found that among specimens with body temperatures 7.5\u00b0C or colder, depth predicted fatty acid unsaturation levels. In contrast, in the upper 200\u2005m of the water column, temperature predicted fatty acid chain lengths. Taken together, our findings suggest that lipid metabolism may be specialized with respect to multiple physical variables in diverse marine environments. Largely distinct modes of adaptation to depth and cold imply that polar marine invertebrates may not find a ready refugium from climate change in the deep.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.242800","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,22]],"date-time":"2021-10-22T04:39:28Z","timestamp":1634877568000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Depth- and temperature-specific fatty acid adaptations in ctenophores from extreme habitats"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"224","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0197-3205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob R.","family":"Winnikoff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Rd., Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA"},{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High St., Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9420-4482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven H. D.","family":"Haddock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Rd., Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA"},{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High St., Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9706-4294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Itay","family":"Budin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021110510343266000_JEB242800C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4203(96)00059-X","article-title":"The compositions of wax esters, triacylglycerols and phospholipids in Arctic and Antarctic copepods: evidence of energetic adaptations","volume":"55","author":"Albers","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mar. 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