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Many semi-aquatic invertebrates and plants have developed complex surface microstructures with water-repellent properties to overcome these problems, but equivalent adaptations of the skin have not been reported for vertebrates that encounter similar environmental challenges. Here, we document the first evidence of evolutionary convergence of hydrophobic structured skin in a group of semi-aquatic tetrapods. We show that the skin surface of semi-aquatic species of Anolis lizards is characterized by a more elaborate microstructural architecture (i.e. longer spines and spinules) and a lower wettability relative to closely related terrestrial species. In addition, phylogenetic comparative models reveal repeated independent evolution of enhanced skin hydrophobicity associated with the transition to a semi-aquatic lifestyle, providing evidence of adaptation. Our findings invite a new and exciting line of inquiry into the ecological significance, evolutionary origin and developmental basis of hydrophobic skin surfaces in semi-aquatic lizards, which is essential for understanding why and how the observed skin adaptations evolved in some and not other semi-aquatic tetrapod lineages.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.242939","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]],"date-time":"2021-10-13T11:32:24Z","timestamp":1634124744000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Convergent evolution of skin surface microarchitecture and increased skin hydrophobicity in semi-aquatic anole lizards"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"224","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2189-9548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Baeckens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Functional Morphology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia"},{"name":"Laboratory for the Evolution and Optics of Nanostructures, Department of Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Gent,Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Temmerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Functional Morphology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9712-7953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stanislav N.","family":"Gorb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute of the Christian Albrecht Universit\u00e4t zu Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24118 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6058-0885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4662-0227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin J.","family":"Whiting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raoul","family":"Van Damme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Functional Morphology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021101308094278900_JEB242939C1","first-page":"36","article-title":"Image processing with ImageJ Part II","volume":"11","author":"Abr\u00e0mof","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biophotonics Int."},{"key":"2021101308094278900_JEB242939C2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10079","article-title":"Observations on the histochemistry and ultrastructure of the epidermis of the tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus (Sphenodontida, Lepidosauria, Reptilia): a contribution to an understanding of the lepidosaurian epidermal generation and the evolutionary origin of the squamate shedding complex","volume":"256","author":"Alibardi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. 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