{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T16:51:11Z","timestamp":1791132671317,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,15]],"date-time":"2022-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642204800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.biologists.com\/user-licence-1-1\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"NASA","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NNX11AO28G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNX11AO28G"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006038","name":"Tinker Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006363","name":"National Geographic Society","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["9506-14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9506-14"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006363","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001461","name":"American Philosophical Society","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001461","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"European Research Council","award":["ERC-2017-ADG number 787638"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERC-2017-ADG number 787638"]}]},{"name":"Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research"},{"name":"George Fox University"},{"name":"George Fox University","award":["GFU2014G02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GFU2014G02"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["173342"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["173342"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Many endotherms use torpor, saving energy by a controlled reduction of their body temperature and metabolic rate. Some species (e.g. arctic ground squirrels, hummingbirds) enter deep torpor, dropping their body temperature by 23\u201337\u00b0C, while others can only enter shallow torpor (e.g. pigeons, 3\u201310\u00b0C reduction). However, deep torpor in mammals can increase predation risk (unless animals are in burrows or caves), inhibit immune function and result in sleep deprivation, so even for species that can enter deep torpor, facultative shallow torpor might help balance energy savings with these potential costs. Deep torpor occurs in three avian orders, but the trade-offs of deep torpor in birds are unknown. Although the literature hints that some bird species (mousebirds and perhaps hummingbirds) can use both shallow and deep torpor, little empirical evidence of such an avian heterothermy spectrum within species exists. We infrared imaged three hummingbird species that are known to use deep torpor, under natural temperature and light cycles, to test whether they were also capable of shallow torpor. All three species used both deep and shallow torpor, often on the same night. Depending on the species, they used shallow torpor for 5\u201335% of the night. The presence of a heterothermic spectrum in these bird species indicates a capacity for fine-scale physiological and genetic regulation of avian torpid metabolism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.243208","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]],"date-time":"2022-01-06T08:22:33Z","timestamp":1641457353000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["A heterothermic spectrum in hummingbirds"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"225","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3043-6126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anusha","family":"Shankar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA"},{"name":"Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Swiss Federal Research Institute (WSL), Birmensdorf, CH-8903, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle N. H.","family":"Cisneros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Molecular Sciences, George Fox University, Newberg, OR 97132, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Molecular Sciences, George Fox University, Newberg, OR 97132, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9267-7948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine H.","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA"},{"name":"Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Swiss Federal Research Institute (WSL), Birmensdorf, CH-8903, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1126-7141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donald R.","family":"Powers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Molecular Sciences, George Fox University, Newberg, OR 97132, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e18641","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018641","article-title":"Diet-independent remodeling of cellular membranes precedes seasonally changing body temperature in a hibernator","volume":"6","author":"Arnold","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.2307\/4083459","article-title":"Additional responses of the Poor-Will to low temperature","volume":"86","author":"Austin","year":"1969","journal-title":"Auk"},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.2307\/1382791","article-title":"Can external radiotransmitters be used to assess body temperature and torpor in bats?","volume":"77","author":"Barclay","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Mammal."},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1139\/z01-138","article-title":"What's hot and what's not: defining torpor in free-ranging birds and mammals","volume":"79","author":"Barclay","year":"2001","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2740905","article-title":"Freeze avoidance in a mammal: body temperatures below 0\u00b0C in an arctic hibernator","volume":"244","author":"Barnes","year":"1989","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4","volume":"67","author":"Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.2307\/1370489","article-title":"Torpor in three species of Brazilian hummingbirds under semi-natural conditions","volume":"99","author":"Bech","year":"1997","journal-title":"Condor"},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2014.07.019","article-title":"An in depth view of avian sleep","volume":"50","author":"Beckers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0511(84)90045-0","article-title":"Slow wave sleep, shallow torpor and hibernation: Homologous states of diminished metabolism and body temperature","volume":"19","author":"Berger","year":"1984","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.2989\/00306525.2017.1294629","article-title":"Diet and time-activity budget of white-backed mousebirds Colius colius in south-western South Africa","volume":"88","author":"Bosque","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ostrich"},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0310174","article-title":"Hibernation: the immune system at rest?","volume":"88","author":"Bouma","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2010.03.018","article-title":"Energy conservation in hibernating endotherms: why \u201csuboptimal\u201d temperatures are optimal","volume":"221","author":"Boyles","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecol. Modell."},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.12077","article-title":"A global heterothermic continuum in mammals","volume":"22","author":"Boyles","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/mam.12181","article-title":"Optimal hibernation theory","volume":"50","author":"Boyles","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mamm. Rev."},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1086\/317755","article-title":"Seasonal use of torpor by free\u2013ranging Australian owlet\u2013nightjars (Aegotheles cristatus)","volume":"73","author":"Brigham","year":"2000","journal-title":"Physiol. Biochem. Zool."},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1086\/physzool.65.5.30158553","article-title":"Ventilatory and metabolic dynamics during entry into and arousal from torpor in Selasphorus hummingbirds","volume":"65","author":"Bucher","year":"1992","journal-title":"Physiol. Zool."},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0742-8413(97)00061-3","article-title":"Seasonal variation in the antioxidant defense system of the brain of the ground squirrel (Citellus citellus) and response to low temperature compared with rat","volume":"117","author":"Buzad\u017ei\u0107","year":"1997","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part C Pharmacol. Toxicol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.2307\/1365758","article-title":"Temperature relationships and nesting of the Calliope hummingbird","volume":"73","author":"Calder","year":"1971","journal-title":"Condor"},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-28678-0_3","article-title":"Tropical heterothermy: does the exception prove the rule or force a re-definition?","volume-title":"Living in a Seasonal World","author":"Canale","year":"2012"},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1126\/science.183.4124.545","article-title":"Torpor in an Andean hummingbird: its ecological significance","volume":"183","author":"Carpenter","year":"1974","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20131846","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2013.1846","article-title":"Nocturnal hypothermia impairs flight ability in birds: a cost of being cool","volume":"280","author":"Carr","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-3127-5","volume-title":"Temperature Biology of Animals","author":"Cossins","year":"1987"},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2004.11.003","article-title":"Measuring body temperature in the field - Evaluation of external vs. implanted transmitters in a small mammal","volume":"30","author":"Dausmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200003200-00044","article-title":"Slow waves in the sleep electroencephalogram after daily torpor are homeostatically regulated","volume":"11","author":"Deboer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1093\/auk\/117.3.791","article-title":"Anatomical and nutritional adaptations of the speckled mousebird (Colius striatus)","volume":"117","author":"Downs","year":"2000","journal-title":"Auk"},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70062","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.70062.sa2","article-title":"Reversal of the adipostat control of torpor during migration in hummingbirds","volume":"10","author":"Eberts","year":"2021","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R203","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1977.232.5.R203","article-title":"CNS regulation of body temperature in euthermic and hibernating marmots (Marmota flaviventris)","volume":"232","author":"Florant","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-75525-6","volume-title":"Ecological Physiology of Daily Torpor and Hibernation","author":"Geiser","year":"2021"},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1086\/physzool.68.6.30163788","article-title":"Hibernation versus daily torpor in mammals and birds: Physiological variables and classification of torpor patterns","volume":"68","author":"Geiser","year":"1995","journal-title":"Physiol. Zool."},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-04162-8_10","article-title":"Do patterns of torpor differ between free- ranging and captive mammals and birds?","volume-title":"Life in the Cold: Eleventh International Hibernation Symposium","author":"Geiser","year":"2000"},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00214.2014","article-title":"Torpor and hypothermia: reversed hysteresis of metabolic rate and body temperature","volume":"307","author":"Geiser","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511790942","volume-title":"Data Analysis Using Regression and Multilevel\/Hierarchical Models. First","author":"Gelman","year":"2006"},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1126\/science.973138","article-title":"Central nervous regulation of body temperature during sleep","volume":"194","author":"Glotzbach","year":"1976","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1126\/science.168.3929.368","article-title":"Regulation of oxygen consumption and body temperature during torpor in a hummingbird, Eulampis jugularis","volume":"168","author":"Hainsworth","year":"1970","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.2307\/4085519","article-title":"Regulation of metabolism during torpor in \u201ctemperate\u201d zone hummingbirds","volume":"95","author":"Hainsworth","year":"1978","journal-title":"Auk"},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1086\/physzool.50.3.30155724","article-title":"The function of torpor in hummingbirds","volume":"50","author":"Hainsworth","year":"1977","journal-title":"Physiol. Zool."},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ph.41.030179.001513","article-title":"Hibernation: neural aspects","volume":"41","author":"Heller","year":"1979","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-734550-5.50012-0","article-title":"Sleep and hibernation: electrophysiological and thermoregulatory homologies","volume":"1978","author":"Heller","year":"1978","journal-title":"Strategies Cold"},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12166","article-title":"Heterothermy in large mammals: inevitable or implemented?","volume":"91","author":"Hetem","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Rev."},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1086\/physzool.63.6.30152634","article-title":"Energy costs and temporal organization of torpor in the rufous hummingbird (Selasphorus rufus)","volume":"63","author":"Hiebert","year":"1990","journal-title":"Physiol. Zool."},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00357531","article-title":"Time-dependent thresholds for torpor initiation in the rufous hummingbird (Selasphorus rufus)","volume":"162","author":"Hiebert","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. B"},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.2307\/1364665","article-title":"Nest temperatures and attentiveness in the Anna hummingbird","volume":"56","author":"Howell","year":"1954","journal-title":"Condor"},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-20240-4","article-title":"Eye region surface temperature reflects both energy reserves and circulating glucocorticoids in a wild bird","volume":"8","author":"Jerem","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.066514","article-title":"Hibernation energetics of free-ranging little brown bats","volume":"215","author":"Jonasson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4160-6645-3.00028-1","article-title":"Body temperatures, sleep, and hibernation","volume-title":"Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine","author":"Kr\u00e4uchi","year":"2011"},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(82)90275-4","article-title":"Torpor and metabolism in hummingbirds","volume":"73A","author":"Kruger","year":"1982","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part A Mol. Integr. Physiol."},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S71970","article-title":"Unihemispheric sleep and asymmetrical sleep: behavioral, neurophysiological, and functional perspectives","volume":"8","author":"Mascetti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Sci. Sleep"},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-04162-8_5","article-title":"Heterothermy in mousebirds: evidence of avian proto-torpor?","volume-title":"Life in the Cold","author":"McKechnie","year":"2000"},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1093\/condor\/104.4.705","article-title":"Avian facultative hypothermic responses: a review","volume":"104","author":"McKechnie","year":"2002","journal-title":"Condor"},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C49","first-page":"409","article-title":"Evolutionary and ecological determinants of avian torpor: a conceptual model","volume":"52","author":"McKechnie","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Zool. Sin."},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icr035","article-title":"Heterothermy in afrotropical mammals and birds: a review","volume":"51","author":"McKechnie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Integr. Comp. Biol."},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-5347(89)90060-8","article-title":"Laboratory and field studies of the energy expenditure of endotherms: a comparison","volume":"4","author":"McNab","year":"1989","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.2307\/1365371","article-title":"Modification of body temperature by activity in Brazilian hummingbirds","volume":"64","author":"Morrison","year":"1962","journal-title":"Condor"},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171359","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.171359","article-title":"Heart rate reveals torpor at high body temperatures in lowland tropical free-tailed bats","volume":"4","author":"O'Mara","year":"2018","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2869.2002.00310.x","article-title":"Selective sleep deprivation after daily torpor in the Djungarian hamster","volume":"11","author":"Palchykova","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2005.11.005","article-title":"Sleep deprivation impairs object recognition in mice","volume":"85","author":"Palchykova","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn. Mem."},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1086\/374286","article-title":"Influence of normal daytime fat deposition on laboratory measurements of torpor use in territorial versus nonterritorial hummingbirds","volume":"76","author":"Powers","year":"2003","journal-title":"Physiol. Biochem. Zool."},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150598","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.150598","article-title":"Heat dissipation during hovering and forward flight in hummingbirds","volume":"2","author":"Powers","year":"2015","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171056","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.171056","article-title":"Hovering in the heat: effects of environmental temperature on heat regulation in foraging hummingbirds","volume":"4","author":"Powers","year":"2017","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1054","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00562.2001","article-title":"Periodic arousal from hibernation is necessary for initiation of immune responses in ground squirrels","volume":"282","author":"Prendergast","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01640473","article-title":"Langzeittelemetrie der k\u00f6rpertemperatur mit synchroner bestimmung des energiestoffwechsels beim blaunackenmausvogel (Urocolius macrourus) unter normal- und lethargiebedingungen (Torpor)","volume":"133","author":"Prinzinger","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. f\u00fcr Ornithol."},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20202059","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2020.2059","article-title":"Tropical bats counter heat by combining torpor with adaptive hyperthermia","volume":"288","author":"Reher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1086\/679591","article-title":"Thermogenic capacity at subzero temperatures: How low can a hibernator go?","volume":"88","author":"Richter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol. Biochem. Zool."},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0209","article-title":"The ecological relevance of sleep: the trade-off between sleep, memory and energy conservation","volume":"365","author":"Roth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12137","article-title":"Daily torpor and hibernation in birds and mammals","volume":"90","author":"Ruf","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc."},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C65","volume-title":"The North American banders\u2019 manual for banding hummingbirds","author":"Russell","year":"2001"},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0706.2000.910102.x","article-title":"Foraging information affects the nature of competitive interactions","volume":"91","author":"Sandlin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1086\/423744","article-title":"Torpor in birds: taxonomy, energetics, and ecology","volume":"77","author":"Schleucher","year":"2004","journal-title":"Physiol. Biochem. Zool."},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C68","first-page":"393","article-title":"Heterothermia and torpor in birds: highly specialized physiological ability or just deep \u201cnocturnal hypothermia\u201d? \u2014 The limitations of terminology","volume":"52","author":"Schleucher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Zool. Sin."},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"jav.02305","DOI":"10.1111\/jav.02305","article-title":"Hummingbird torpor in context: duration, more than temperature, is the key to nighttime energy savings","volume":"51","author":"Shankar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Avian Biol."},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5061\/dryad.cc2fqz65h","article-title":"A heterothermic spectrum in hummingbirds","author":"Shankar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dryad Dataset"},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730411402632","article-title":"Torpor in dark times: patterns of heterothermy are associated with the lunar cycle in a nocturnal bird","volume":"26","author":"Smit","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Rhythms"},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.2307\/1366728","article-title":"Calculating the nocturnal energy expenditure of an incubating Anna's hummingbird","volume":"76","author":"Smith","year":"1974","journal-title":"Condor"},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1199435","article-title":"Hibernation in black bears: Independence of metabolic suppression from body temperature","volume":"331","author":"Toien","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3355","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2011.0190","article-title":"Hibernation is associated with increased survival and the evolution of slow life histories among mammals","volume":"278","author":"Turbill","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00010.2015","article-title":"The hibernation continuum: physiological and molecular aspects of metabolic plasticity in mammals","volume":"30","author":"van Breukelen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fishres.2004.08.011","article-title":"GLMs, GAMs and GLMMs: an overview of theory for applications in fisheries research","volume":"70","author":"Venables","year":"2004","journal-title":"Fish. Res."},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-21706-2","volume-title":"Modern Applied Statistics with S","author":"Venables","year":"2002","edition":"4th edn"},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R213","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1977.233.5.R213","article-title":"Sleep and hibernation in ground squirrels (Citellus spp): electrophysiological observations","volume":"233","author":"Walker","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1126\/science.221974","article-title":"Sleep and estivation (shallow torpor): continuous processes of energy conservation","volume":"204","author":"Walker","year":"1979","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1126\/science.221.4606.194","article-title":"A continuum of sleep and shallow torpor in fasting doves","volume":"221","author":"Walker","year":"1983","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(72)90044-8","article-title":"Environmental influence on regulated body temperature in torpid hummingbirds","volume":"41","author":"Wolf","year":"1972","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part A Physiol."},{"key":"2022021407271417500_JEB243208C81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20200428","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2020.0428","article-title":"Extreme and variable torpor among high-elevation Andean hummingbird species","volume":"16","author":"Wolf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Lett."}],"container-title":["Journal of Experimental Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1242\/jeb.243208\/2125638\/jeb243208.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1242\/jeb.243208\/2130676\/jeb243208.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1242\/jeb.243208\/2130676\/jeb243208.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]],"date-time":"2022-02-14T02:27:41Z","timestamp":1644805661000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article\/225\/2\/jeb243208\/274119\/A-heterothermic-spectrum-in-hummingbirds"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,15]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jeb.243208","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2021.07.18.452827","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0022-0949","1477-9145"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0949","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-9145","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,15]]},"article-number":"jeb243208"}}