{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T03:10:45Z","timestamp":1790737845422,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.biologists.com\/user-licence-1-1\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007234","name":"University of Chicago","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007234","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007234","name":"University of Chicago","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007234","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["MRI 1338036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MRI 1338036"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["1626552"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1626552"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Many fishes use substantial cranial kinesis to rapidly increase buccal cavity volume, pulling prey into the mouth via suction feeding. Living polypterids are a key lineage for understanding the evolution and biomechanics of suction feeding because of their phylogenetic position and unique morphology. Polypterus bichir have fewer mobile cranial elements compared with teleosts [e.g. immobile (pre)maxillae] but successfully generate suction through dorsal, ventral and lateral oral cavity expansion. However, the relative contributions of these motions to suction feeding success have not been quantified. Additionally, extensive body musculature and lack of opercular jaw opening linkages make P. bichir of interest for examining the role of cranial versus axial muscles in driving mandibular depression. Here, we analyzed the kinematics of buccal expansion during suction feeding in P. bichir using X-ray Reconstruction of Moving Morphology (XROMM) and quantified the contributions of skeletal elements to oral cavity volume expansion and prey capture. Mouth gape peaks early in the strike, followed by maximum cleithral and ceratohyal rotations, and finally by opercular and suspensorial abductions, maintaining the anterior-to-posterior movement of water. Using a new method of quantifying bones\u2019 relative contributions to volume change (RCVC), we demonstrate that ceratohyal kinematics are the most significant drivers of oral cavity volume change. All measured cranial bone motions, except abduction of the suspensorium, are correlated with prey motion. Lastly, cleithral retraction is largely concurrent with ceratohyal retraction and jaw depression, while the sternohyoideus maintains constant length, suggesting a central role of the axial muscles, cleithrum and ceratohyal in ventral expansion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.243283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]],"date-time":"2022-01-12T14:34:33Z","timestamp":1641998073000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Suction feeding biomechanics of<i>Polypterus bichir<\/i>: investigating linkage mechanisms and the contributions of cranial kinesis to oral cavity volume change"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"225","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0664-3704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katrina R.","family":"Whitlow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7764-761X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Callum F.","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas J.","family":"Gidmark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Knox College, Galesburg, IL 61401, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6192-175X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. D.","family":"Laurence-Chasen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3548-7002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark W.","family":"Westneat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022021409260948600_JEB243283C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1967.tb02865.x","article-title":"The functions and mechanisms of the protrusible upper jaws of some acanthopterygian fish","volume":"151","author":"Alexander","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Zool."},{"key":"2022021409260948600_JEB243283C2","first-page":"189","article-title":"The cranial anatomy of Polypterus, with special reference to Polypterus bichir","volume":"56","author":"Allis","year":"1922","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"2022021409260948600_JEB243283C3","first-page":"89","volume-title":"Biomechanics of Human Movement: Applications in Rehabilitation, Sports and Ergonomics","author":"Berme","year":"1990"},{"key":"2022021409260948600_JEB243283C4","volume-title":"The Co-Ordination and Regulation of Movements","author":"Bernstein","year":"1967"},{"key":"2022021409260948600_JEB243283C5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2008.0017","article-title":"Anterior-to-posterior wave of buccal expansion in suction feeding fishes is critical for optimizing fluid flow velocity profile","volume":"5","author":"Bishop","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"2022021409260948600_JEB243283C6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.589","article-title":"X-ray reconstruction of moving morphology (XROMM): precision, accuracy and applications in comparative biomechanics research","volume":"313A","author":"Brainerd","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Exp. Zool."},{"key":"2022021409260948600_JEB243283C7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20211091","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2021.1091","article-title":"A neck-like vertebral motion in fish","volume":"288","author":"Camp","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"2022021409260948600_JEB243283C8","first-page":"1333","article-title":"Role of axial muscles in powering mouth expansion during suction feeding in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)","volume":"217","author":"Camp","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2022021409260948600_JEB243283C9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icv034","article-title":"Reevaluating musculoskeletal linkages in suction-feeding fishes with X-ray Reconstruction of Moving Morphology (XROMM)","volume":"55","author":"Camp","year":"2015","journal-title":"Integr. Comp. Biol."},{"key":"2022021409260948600_JEB243283C10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8690","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1508055112","article-title":"Swimming muscles power suction feeding in largemouth bass","volume":"112","author":"Camp","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"2022021409260948600_JEB243283C11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"jeb178160","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.178160","article-title":"Bluegill sunfish use high power outputs from axial muscles to generate powerful suction-feeding strikes","volume":"221","author":"Camp","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2022021409260948600_JEB243283C12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"jeb225649","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.225649","article-title":"Fishes can use axial muscles as anchors or motors for powerful suction feeding","volume":"223","author":"Camp","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2022021409260948600_JEB243283C13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1038\/549167a","article-title":"Plenty of fish in the tree","volume":"549","author":"Coates","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2022021409260948600_JEB243283C14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.20430","article-title":"Functional morphology of durophagy in black carp, Mylopharyngodon piceus","volume":"276","author":"Gidmark","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Morphol."},{"key":"2022021409260948600_JEB243283C15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/nature23654","article-title":"Early members of \u201cliving fossil\u201d lineage imply later origin of modern ray-finned fishes","volume":"549","author":"Giles","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2022021409260948600_JEB243283C16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3138397","article-title":"A joint coordinate system for the clinical description of three-dimensional motions: application to the knee","volume":"105","author":"Grood","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"key":"2022021409260948600_JEB243283C17","first-page":"1258","article-title":"Prey capture in actinopterygian fishes: a review of suction feeding motor patterns with new evidence from an elopomorph fish, Megalops atlanticus","volume":"41","author":"Grubich","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. Zool."},{"key":"2022021409260948600_JEB243283C18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3296","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.020909","article-title":"Integrating the determinants of suction feeding performance in centrarchid fishes","volume":"211","author":"Holzman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2022021409260948600_JEB243283C19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.zool.2017.08.006","article-title":"Functional correlates of the position of the axis of rotation of the mandible during chewing in non-human primates","volume":"124","author":"Iriarte-Diaz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Zoology"},{"key":"2022021409260948600_JEB243283C20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"jeb174912","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.174912","article-title":"Conserved spatio-temporal patterns of suction-feeding flows across aquatic vertebrates: a comparative flow visualization study","volume":"221","author":"Jacobs","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2022021409260948600_JEB243283C21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20140223","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2014.0223","article-title":"Modelled three-dimensional suction accuracy predicts prey capture success in three species of centrarchid fishes","volume":"11","author":"Kane","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"2022021409260948600_JEB243283C22","first-page":"3701","article-title":"Validation of XMALab software for marker-based XROMM","volume":"219","author":"Knorlein","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2022021409260948600_JEB243283C23","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Histoire Naturelle des Poisons","author":"Lacep\u00e8de","year":"1803"},{"key":"2022021409260948600_JEB243283C24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051630305","article-title":"Evolution of the feeding mechanism in primitive actionopterygian fishes: a functional anatomical analysis of Polypterus, Lepisosteus, and Amia","volume":"163","author":"Lauder","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Morphol."},{"key":"2022021409260948600_JEB243283C25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/22.2.275","article-title":"Patterns of evolution in the feeding mechanism of actinopterygian fishes","volume":"22","author":"Lauder","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am. Soc. Zool."},{"key":"2022021409260948600_JEB243283C26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.4159\/harvard.9780674184404.c12","article-title":"Aquatic feeding in lower vertebrates","author":"Lauder","year":"1985","journal-title":"Functional Vertebrate Morphology"},{"key":"2022021409260948600_JEB243283C27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.21048","article-title":"Feeding kinematics and morphology of the alligator gar (Atractosteus spatula, Lac\u00e9p\u00e8de, 1803)","volume":"280","author":"Lemberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Morphol."},{"key":"2022021409260948600_JEB243283C28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2016421118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2016421118","article-title":"The feeding system of Tiktaalik roseae: an intermediate between suction feeding and biting","volume":"118","author":"Lemberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2022021409260948600_JEB243283C29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/20.1.295","article-title":"Adaptive significance of intra-and interspecific differences in the feeding repertoires of cichlid fishes","volume":"20","author":"Liem","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am. Zool."},{"key":"2022021409260948600_JEB243283C30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/iob\/obaa021","article-title":"Bifunctional role of the sternohyoideus muscle during suction feeding in striped surfperch, Embiotoca lateralis","volume":"2","author":"Lomax","year":"2020","journal-title":"Integr. Org. Biol."},{"key":"2022021409260948600_JEB243283C31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"jeb227108","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.227108","article-title":"A coordinate-system-independent method for comparing joint rotational mobilities","volume":"223","author":"Manafzadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2022021409260948600_JEB243283C32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.02266","article-title":"In vivo cranial suture function and suture morphology in the extant fish Polypterus: implications for inferring skull function in living and fossil fish","volume":"209","author":"Markey","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2022021409260948600_JEB243283C33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7134","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0701706104","article-title":"Terrestrial-style feeding in a very early aquatic tetrapod is supported by evidence from experimental analysis of suture morphology","volume":"104","author":"Markey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2022021409260948600_JEB243283C34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2015.0057","article-title":"A fish that uses its hydrodynamic tongue to feed on land","volume":"282","author":"Michel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"2022021409260948600_JEB243283C35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1984.tb00068.x","article-title":"Hydrodynamics of suction feeding in fish","volume":"37","author":"Muller","year":"1984","journal-title":"Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond"},{"key":"2022021409260948600_JEB243283C36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5193(82)90287-9","article-title":"A quantitative hydrodynamical model of suction feeding in fish","volume":"95","author":"Muller","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"2022021409260948600_JEB243283C37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"jeb195735","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.195735","article-title":"A mobility-based classification of closed kinematic chains in biomechanics and implications for motor control","volume":"222","author":"Olsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2022021409260948600_JEB243283C38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4612","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.159079","article-title":"The opercular mouth-opening mechanism of largemouth bass functions as a 3D four-bar linkage with three degrees of freedom","volume":"220","author":"Olsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2022021409260948600_JEB243283C39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2019.0507","article-title":"Channel catfish use higher coordination to capture prey than to swallow","volume":"286","author":"Olsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"2022021409260948600_JEB243283C40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3905","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.204.22.3905","article-title":"Kinematic analysis of a novel feeding mechanism in the brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis (Teleostei: Salmonidae): behavioral modulation of a functional novelty","volume":"204","author":"Sanford","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2022021409260948600_JEB243283C41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1948.tb00369.x","article-title":"On the mechanical working of the head of bony fishes","volume":"118","author":"Tchernavin","year":"1948","journal-title":"Proc. Zool. Soc. London"},{"key":"2022021409260948600_JEB243283C42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2008.0311","article-title":"Aquatic suction feeding dynamics: Insights from computational modelling","volume":"6","author":"Van Wassenbergh","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"2022021409260948600_JEB243283C43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4627","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.01919","article-title":"A test of mouth-opening and hyoid-depression mechanisms during prey capture in a catfish using high-speed cineradiography","volume":"208","author":"Van Wassenbergh","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2022021409260948600_JEB243283C44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10510","article-title":"Interspecific variation in sternohyoideus muscle morphology in clariid catfishes: functional implications for suction feeding","volume":"268","author":"Van Wassenbergh","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Morphol."},{"key":"2022021409260948600_JEB243283C45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.1992.9941608","article-title":"Free(z)ing degrees of freedom in skill acquisition","volume":"24","author":"Vereijken","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Mot. Behav."},{"key":"2022021409260948600_JEB243283C46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2006.0197","article-title":"The forces exerted by aquatic suction feeders on their prey","volume":"4","author":"Wainwright","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"2022021409260948600_JEB243283C47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1052050304","article-title":"Feeding mechanism of Epibulus insidiator (Labridae; Telesotei): evolution of a novel functional system","volume":"205","author":"Westneat","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Morphol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Experimental Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1242\/jeb.243283\/2126451\/jeb243283.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1242\/jeb.243283\/2130733\/jeb243283.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1242\/jeb.243283\/2130733\/jeb243283.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]],"date-time":"2024-09-16T04:21:03Z","timestamp":1726460463000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article\/225\/3\/jeb243283\/274351\/Suction-feeding-biomechanics-of-Polypterus-bichir"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jeb.243283","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0949","1477-9145"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0949","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-9145","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]},"article-number":"jeb243283"}}