{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T16:00:05Z","timestamp":1788364805184,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,15]],"date-time":"2022-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.biologists.com\/user-licence-1-1\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["DGE-1747453"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGE-1747453"]}]},{"name":"Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology"},{"name":"White Mountain Research Center"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Many species have not tracked their thermal niches upslope as predicted by climate change, potentially because higher elevations are associated with abiotic challenges beyond temperature. To better predict whether organisms can continue to move upslope with rising temperatures, we need to understand their physiological performance when subjected to novel high-elevation conditions. Here, we captured Anna's hummingbirds \u2013 a species expanding their elevational distribution in concordance with rising temperatures \u2013 from across their current elevational distribution and tested their physiological response to novel abiotic conditions. First, at a central aviary within their current elevational range, we measured hovering metabolic rate to assess their response to oxygen conditions and torpor use to assess their response to thermal conditions. Second, we transported the hummingbirds to a location 1200\u2005m above their current elevational range limit to test for an acute response to novel oxygen and thermal conditions. Hummingbirds exhibited lower hovering metabolic rates above their current elevational range limit, suggesting lower oxygen availability may reduce performance after an acute exposure. Alternatively, hummingbirds showed a facultative response to thermal conditions by using torpor more frequently and for longer. Finally, post-experimental dissection found that hummingbirds originating from higher elevations within their range had larger hearts, a potential plastic response to hypoxic environments. Overall, our results suggest lower oxygen availability and low air pressure may be difficult challenges to overcome for hummingbirds shifting upslope as a consequence of rising temperatures, especially if there is little to no long-term acclimatization. Future studies should investigate how chronic exposure and acclimatization to novel conditions, as opposed to acute experiments, may result in alternative outcomes that help organisms better respond to abiotic challenges associated with climate-induced range shifts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.243294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,6]],"date-time":"2022-06-06T20:07:48Z","timestamp":1654546068000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Anna's hummingbird (<i>Calypte anna<\/i>) physiological response to novel thermal and hypoxic conditions at high elevations"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"225","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1015-632X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Austin R.","family":"Spence","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Connecticut 1 Ecology & Evolutionary Biology , , 75 N. Eagleville Road, Unit 3043, Storrs, CT 06269 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5663-5537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah","family":"LeWinter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Humboldt State University 2 Wildlife Conservation & Management , , 1 Harpst St. Arcata, CA 95521 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1477-2218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morgan W.","family":"Tingley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California \u2013 Los Angeles 3 Ecology & Evolutionary Biology , , 621 Charles E. Young Dr. S. #951606, Los Angeles, CA 90095 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022060620073893900_JEB243294C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13976","article-title":"Lags in the response of mountain plant communities to climate change","volume":"24","author":"Alexander","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"2022060620073893900_JEB243294C2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3139","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.00540","article-title":"Kinematics of hovering hummingbird flight along simulated and natural elevational gradients","volume":"206","author":"Altshuler","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Exp. 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