{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T17:36:20Z","timestamp":1780508180010,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]],"date-time":"2021-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634256000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.biologists.com\/user-licence-1-1\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["T32 DC-000046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 DC-000046"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008510","name":"University of Maryland","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2012-01-066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012-01-066"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008510","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["DC-000436"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DC-000436"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Carlsberg Foundation","award":["2009-01-0292"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2009-01-0292"]}]},{"name":"The Explorer's Club Washington Group"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015584","name":"American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015584","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Sound and vibration are generated by mechanical disturbances within the environment, and the ability to detect and localize these acoustic cues is generally important for survival, as suggested by the early emergence of inherently directional otolithic ears in vertebrate evolutionary history. However, fossil evidence indicates that the water-adapted ear of early terrestrial tetrapods lacked specialized peripheral structures to transduce sound pressure (e.g. tympana). Therefore, early terrestrial hearing should have required nontympanic (or extratympanic) mechanisms for sound detection and localization. Here, we used atympanate salamanders to investigate the efficacy of extratympanic pathways to support directional hearing in air. We assessed peripheral encoding of directional acoustic information using directionally masked auditory brainstem response recordings. We used laser Doppler vibrometry to measure the velocity of sound pressure-induced head vibrations as a key extratympanic mechanism for aerial sound reception in atympanate species. We found that sound generates head vibrations that vary with the angle of the incident sound. This extratympanic pathway for hearing supports a figure-eight pattern of directional auditory sensitivity to airborne sound in the absence of a pressure-transducing tympanic ear.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.243325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,28]],"date-time":"2021-09-28T09:07:11Z","timestamp":1632820031000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Bone conduction pathways confer directional cues to salamanders"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"224","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5688-2538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G.","family":"Capshaw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6075-3819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J.","family":"Christensen-Dalsgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8161-0841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D.","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5698-6014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C. E.","family":"Carr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021102613094847000_JEB243325C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s00422-016-0695-5","article-title":"Sound source localization and segregation with internally coupled ears: the treefrog model","volume":"110","author":"Bee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Cybern."},{"key":"2021102613094847000_JEB243325C2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-018-00696-x","article-title":"The masked ABR (mABR): a new measurement method for the auditory brainstem response","volume":"19","author":"Brandt","year":"2018","journal-title":"JARO J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"2021102613094847000_JEB243325C3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"jeb236489","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.236489","article-title":"Seismic sensitivity and bone conduction mechanisms enable extratympanic hearing in salamanders","volume":"223","author":"Capshaw","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021102613094847000_JEB243325C4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2016.07.001","article-title":"Evolutionary trends in directional hearing","volume":"40","author":"Carr","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"2021102613094847000_JEB243325C5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.062539","article-title":"Hearing with an atympanic ear: good vibration and poor sound-pressure detection in the royal python, Python regius","volume":"215","author":"Christensen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021102613094847000_JEB243325C6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.116012","article-title":"Hearing of the African lungfish (Protopterus annectens) suggests underwater pressure detection and rudimentary aerial hearing in early tetrapods","volume":"218","author":"Christensen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021102613094847000_JEB243325C7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20141943","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2014.1943","article-title":"Better than fish on land? Hearing across metamorphosis in salamanders","volume":"282","author":"Christensen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"2021102613094847000_JEB243325C8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2010.08.007","article-title":"Vertebrate pressure-gradient receivers","volume":"273","author":"Christensen-Dalsgaard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hear. 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