{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T03:57:32Z","timestamp":1789012652606,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]],"date-time":"2021-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"BBSRC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003547","name":"Bangor University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003547","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>For studies on magnetic compass orientation and navigation performance in small bird species, controlled experiments with orientation cages inside an electromagnetic coil system are the most prominent methodological paradigm. These are, however, not applicable when studying larger bird species and\/or orientation behaviour during free flight. For this, researchers have followed a very different approach, attaching small magnets to birds, with the intention of depriving them of access to meaningful magnetic information. Unfortunately, results from studies using this approach appear rather inconsistent. As these are based on experiments with birds under free-flight conditions, which usually do not allow exclusion of other potential orientation cues, an assessment of the overall efficacy of this approach is difficult to conduct. Here, we directly tested the efficacy of small magnets for temporarily disrupting magnetic compass orientation in small migratory songbirds using orientation cages under controlled experimental conditions. We found that birds which have access to the Earth's magnetic field as their sole orientation cue show a general orientation towards their seasonally appropriate migratory direction. When carrying magnets on their forehead under these conditions, the same birds become disoriented. However, under changed conditions that allow birds access to other (i.e. celestial) orientation cues, any disruptive effect of the magnets they carry appears obscured. Our results provide clear evidence for the efficacy of the magnet approach for temporarily disrupting magnetic compass orientation in birds, but also reveal its limitations for application in experiments under free-flight conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.243337","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]],"date-time":"2021-10-29T10:29:46Z","timestamp":1635503386000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["A magnet attached to the forehead disrupts magnetic compass orientation in a migratory songbird"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"224","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1512-2444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florian","family":"Packmor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK"},{"name":"Institute of Avian Research \u2018Vogelwarte Helgoland\u2019, Wilhelmshaven 26386, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2619-1197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dmitry","family":"Kishkinev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Newcastle-under-Lyme ST5 5BG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flora","family":"Bittermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Station Lake Neusiedl, Illmitz 7142, Austria"},{"name":"Nationalpark Neusiedler See \u2013 Seewinkel, Apetlon 7143, Austria"},{"name":"Austrian Ornithological Centre, Konrad-Lorenz Institute of Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1160 Wien, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Kofler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Station Lake Neusiedl, Illmitz 7142, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Machowetz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Station Lake Neusiedl, Illmitz 7142, Austria"},{"name":"Nationalpark Neusiedler See \u2013 Seewinkel, Apetlon 7143, Austria"},{"name":"Austrian Ornithological Centre, Konrad-Lorenz Institute of Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1160 Wien, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4453-2557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Zechmeister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Station Lake Neusiedl, Illmitz 7142, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1088-8843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucinda C.","family":"Zawadzki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3447-8443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim","family":"Guilford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4495-8061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard A.","family":"Holland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.2003.2092","article-title":"Successful homing of magnet-carrying white-chinned petrels released in the open sea","volume":"65","author":"Benhamou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02462238","article-title":"Die Zugunruhe bei V\u00f6geln \u2014 eine Darstellung nach Videoaufnahmen bei Infrarotlichtbeleuchtung","volume":"141","author":"Berthold","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Ornithol."},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20180918","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2018.0918","article-title":"Magnetic storms disrupt nocturnal migratory activity in songbirds","volume":"15","author":"Bianco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Lett."},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C4","first-page":"125","article-title":"Homing experiments on birds. Part XI: experiments with swallows Hirundo rustica L. concerning the influence of earth magnetism and partial eclipse of the sun on their orientation","volume":"33","author":"Bochenski","year":"1960","journal-title":"Zesz Nauk Uniw Jagiellonk"},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1474-919X.2003.00117.x","article-title":"Magnetic cues: are they important in Black-browed Albatross Diomedea melanophris orientation?","volume":"145","author":"Bonadonna","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ibis"},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2004.2984","article-title":"Orientation in the wandering albatross: interfering with magnetic perception does not affect orientation performance","volume":"272","author":"Bonadonna","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s00359-016-1140-x","article-title":"Compass systems","volume":"203","author":"Chernetsov","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. A"},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.07.024","article-title":"Migratory Eurasian reed warblers can use magnetic declination to solve the longitude problem","volume":"27","author":"Chernetsov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C9","volume-title":"The Handbook of the Birds of the World, Vol. 11 Old World Flycatchers to Old World Warblers","author":"del Hoyo","year":"2006"},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.2307\/4083084","article-title":"Migratory orientation in the Indigo Bunting, Passerina cyanea: Part I: evidence for use of celestial cues","volume":"84","author":"Emlen","year":"1967","journal-title":"Auk"},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.2307\/4083330","article-title":"Migratory orientation in the Indigo Bunting, Passerina cyanea: Part II: mechanism of celestial orientation","volume":"84","author":"Emlen","year":"1967","journal-title":"Auk"},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.2307\/4083048","article-title":"A technique for recording migratory orientation of captive birds","volume":"83","author":"Emlen","year":"1966","journal-title":"Auk"},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13290","article-title":"Anthropogenic electromagnetic noise disrupts magnetic compass orientation in a migratory bird","volume":"509","author":"Engels","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e9231","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009231","article-title":"Avian magnetoreception: elaborate iron mineral containing dendrites in the upper beak seem to be a common feature of birds","volume":"5","author":"Falkenberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3878","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.167056","article-title":"Bringing the analysis of animal orientation data full circle: model-based approaches with maximum likelihood","volume":"220","author":"Fitak","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3119","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.031864","article-title":"Navigational abilities of adult and experienced homing pigeons deprived of olfactory or trigeminally mediated magnetic information","volume":"212","author":"Gagliardo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2798","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.085738","article-title":"Oceanic navigation in Cory's shearwaters: evidence for a crucial role of olfactory cues for homing after displacement","volume":"216","author":"Gagliardo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00656605","article-title":"Endogenously controlled changes in migratory direction of the garden warbler,Sylvia borin","volume":"125","author":"Gwinner","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9394","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0907068107","article-title":"Magnetic field changes activate the trigeminal brainstem complex in a migratory bird","volume":"107","author":"Heyers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2010.0159","article-title":"Differential effects of magnetic pulses on the orientation of naturally migrating birds","volume":"7","author":"Holland","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biophys-032116-094545","article-title":"The radical-pair mechanism of magnetoreception","volume":"45","author":"Hore","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biophys."},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/76.2.297","article-title":"Regression and time series model selection in small samples","volume":"76","author":"Hurvich","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C22","first-page":"347","article-title":"Magnets and pigeon orientation","volume":"18","author":"Ioal\u00e8","year":"1984","journal-title":"Monit. Zool. Ital."},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1007\/s001140050710","article-title":"Pigeon orientation: effects of the application of magnets under overcast skies","volume":"87","author":"Ioal\u00e8","year":"2000","journal-title":"Naturwissenschaften"},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1126\/science.165.3896.922","article-title":"Orientation by pigeons: is the sun necessary?","volume":"165","author":"Keeton","year":"1969","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.68.1.102","article-title":"Magnets interfere with pigeon homing","volume":"68","author":"Keeton","year":"1971","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-2647(81)90060-5","article-title":"Biogenic magnetite as a basis for magnetic field detection in animals","volume":"13","author":"Kirschvink","year":"1981","journal-title":"Biosystems"},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e65847","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0065847","article-title":"Migratory reed warblers need intact trigeminal nerves to correct for a 1,000 km eastward displacement","volume":"8","author":"Kishkinev","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.08.012","article-title":"Eurasian reed warblers compensate for virtual magnetic displacement","volume":"25","author":"Kishkinev","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2021.01.051","article-title":"Navigation by extrapolation of geomagnetic cues in a migratory songbird","volume":"31","author":"Kishkinev","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C30","first-page":"269","article-title":"\u00dcber Richtungstendenzen bei der n\u00e4chtlichen Zugunruhe gek\u00e4figter V\u00f6gel","volume-title":"Ornithologie als Biologische Wissenschaft","author":"Kramer","year":"1949"},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01922508","article-title":"Wird die Sonnenh\u00f6he bei der Heimfindeorientierung verwertet?","volume":"94","author":"Kramer","year":"1953","journal-title":"J. Ornithol."},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-919X.1957.tb01947.x","article-title":"Experiments on bird orientation and their interpretation","volume":"99","author":"Kramer","year":"1957","journal-title":"Ibis"},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00695354","article-title":"The influence of magnets and habituation to magnets on inexperienced homing pigeons","volume":"89","author":"Lamotte","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2011.10.005","article-title":"Orientation of passerine trans-Sahara migrants: the directional shift (\u2018Zugknick\u2019) reconsidered for free-flying birds","volume":"83","author":"Liechti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5122\/cbirds.2012.0001","article-title":"Avian orientation: multi-cue integration and calibration of compass systems","volume":"3","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chinese Birds"},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1080\/11250009109355760","article-title":"Homing of Cory's shearwaters (Calonectris diomedea) carrying magnets","volume":"58","author":"Massa","year":"1991","journal-title":"Boll. Zool."},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C38","first-page":"71","article-title":"Magnetismus und Richtungsfinden zugunruhiger Rotkehlchen (Erithacus rubecula)","volume":"23","author":"Merkel","year":"1965","journal-title":"Vogelwarte"},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4907","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.13.4907","article-title":"Magnetic fields and orientation in homing pigeons: experiments of the late W. T. Keeton","volume":"85","author":"Moore","year":"1988","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2012.05.005","article-title":"Consistent effect of an attached magnet on the initial orientation of homing pigeons, Columba livia","volume":"84","author":"Mora","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.1997.0696","article-title":"Redstarts,Phoenicurus phoenicurus, can orient in a true-zero magnetic field","volume":"55","author":"Mouritsen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-407160-5.00008-7","article-title":"Magnetoreception in birds and its use for long-distance migration","volume-title":"Sturkie's Avian Physiology","author":"Mouritsen","year":"2015"},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0176-1","article-title":"Long-distance navigation and magnetoreception in migratory animals","volume":"558","author":"Mouritsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3855","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.204.22.3855","article-title":"Migrating songbirds tested in computer-controlled Emlen funnels use stellar cues for a time-independent compass","volume":"204","author":"Mouritsen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4155","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.00650","article-title":"Waved albatrosses can navigate with strong magnets attached to their head","volume":"206","author":"Mouritsen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3845","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.205.24.3845","article-title":"Magnetic compass orientation in European robins is dependent on both wavelength and intensity of light","volume":"205","author":"Muheim","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1129709","article-title":"Polarized light cues underlie compass calibration in migratory songbirds","volume":"313","author":"Muheim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2019.09.048","article-title":"A putative mechanism for magnetoreception by electromagnetic induction in the pigeon inner ear","volume":"29","author":"Nimpf","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2003234","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.200323","article-title":"Magnetoreception - a sense without a receptor","volume":"15","author":"Nordmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9668","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-09738-5","article-title":"Anosmia impairs homing orientation but not foraging behaviour in free-ranging shearwaters","volume":"7","author":"Padget","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.21638\/spbu03.2020.306","article-title":"A hierarchy of compass systems in migratory birds","volume":"65","author":"Pakhomov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Commun."},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-017-2279-3","article-title":"Further evidence of a time-independent stellar compass in a night-migrating songbird","volume":"71","author":"Pakhomov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol."},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11975","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30477-8","article-title":"Magnetic map navigation in a migratory songbird requires trigeminal input","volume":"8","author":"Pakhomov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16486","DOI":"10.1038\/srep16486","article-title":"Olfaction and topography, but not magnetic cues, control navigation in a pelagic seabird: displacements with shearwaters in the Mediterranean Sea","volume":"5","author":"Pollonara","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.161.1.299","article-title":"The initial orientation of homing pigeons at the magnetic equator: compass mechanisms and the effect of applied magnets","volume":"161","author":"Ranvaud","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(00)76629-X","article-title":"A model for photoreceptor-based magnetoreception in birds","volume":"78","author":"Ritz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00635030","article-title":"Der Einflu\u00df experimentell ver\u00e4nderter Zeitsch\u00e4tzung auf das Heimfindeverm\u00f6gen bei Brieftauben","volume":"45","author":"Schmidt-Koenig","year":"1958","journal-title":"Naturwissenschaften"},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-3472(05)80068-5","article-title":"Statistical analysis of animal orientation data","volume":"43","author":"Schnute","year":"1992","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.2307\/1296245","article-title":"Magnets disrupt the orientation of juvenile ring-billed gulls","volume":"22","author":"Southern","year":"1972","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02613","DOI":"10.1111\/jav.02613","article-title":"An assay to investigate factors influencing initial orientation in nocturnally fledging seabirds","volume":"52","author":"Syposz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Avian Biol."},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.2307\/1541047","article-title":"Magnetic influences on pigeon homing","volume":"156","author":"Visalberghi","year":"1979","journal-title":"Biol. Bull."},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1126\/science.184.4133.180","article-title":"Orientation of homing pigeons altered by a change in the direction of an applied magnetic field","volume":"184","author":"Walcott","year":"1974","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C63","volume-title":"Avian Navigation: Pigeon Homing as a Paradigm","author":"Wallraff","year":"2005"},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1088\/1478-3975\/3\/3\/007","article-title":"On the use of magnets to disrupt the physiological compass of birds","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys. Biol."},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17061","DOI":"10.1038\/srep17061","article-title":"True navigation in migrating gulls requires intact olfactory nerves","volume":"5","author":"Wikelski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0310.1968.tb00028.x","article-title":"\u00dcber den Einflu\u00df statischer Magnetfelder auf die Zugorientierung der Rotkehlchen (Erithacus rubecula)","volume":"25","author":"Wiltschko","year":"1968","journal-title":"Z. Tierpsychol."},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1126\/science.176.4030.62","article-title":"Magnetic compass of European robins","volume":"176","author":"Wiltschko","year":"1972","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-79749-1","volume-title":"Magnetic Orientation in Animals","author":"Wiltschko","year":"1995"},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00192425","article-title":"Migratory orientation of European robins is affected by the wavelength of light as well as by a magnetic pulse","volume":"177","author":"Wiltschko","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. A"},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3295","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.204.19.3295","article-title":"Light-dependent magnetoreception in birds: the behaviour of European robins, Erithacus rubecula, under monochromatic light of various wavelengths and intensities","volume":"204","author":"Wiltschko","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0310.1987.tb00939.x","article-title":"The development of the star compass in garden warblers, Sylvia borin","volume":"74","author":"Wiltschko","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ethology"},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1038\/364525a0","article-title":"Red light disrupts magnetic orientation of migratory birds","volume":"364","author":"Wiltschko","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3257","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.201.23.3257","article-title":"Effect of a magnetic pulse on the orientation of silvereyes, Zosterops l. lateralis, during spring migration","volume":"201","author":"Wiltschko","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2020.05.039","article-title":"Natal imprinting to the Earth's magnetic field in a pelagic seabird","volume":"30","author":"Wynn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"2021111811413932100_JEB243337C75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03618-9","article-title":"Magnetic sensitivity of cryptochrome 4 from a migratory songbird","volume":"594","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Journal of Experimental Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1242\/jeb.243337\/2111128\/jeb243337.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1242\/jeb.243337\/2120276\/jeb243337.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1242\/jeb.243337\/2120276\/jeb243337.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]],"date-time":"2021-11-18T11:47:14Z","timestamp":1637236034000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article\/224\/22\/jeb243337\/273480\/A-magnet-attached-to-the-forehead-disrupts"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jeb.243337","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0949","1477-9145"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0949","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-9145","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]]},"article-number":"jeb243337"}}