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Despite this being considered the norm, allometry sometimes breaks, resulting in species sounding smaller or larger than expected for their size. A recent hypothesis suggests that allometry-breaking mammals cluster into two groups: those with anatomical adaptations to their vocal tracts and those capable of learning new sounds (vocal learners). Here, we tested which mechanism is used to escape from acoustic allometry by probing vocal tract allometry in a proven mammalian vocal learner, the harbour seal (Phoca vitulina). We tested whether vocal tract structures and body size scale allometrically in 68 young individuals. We found that both body length and body mass accurately predict vocal tract length and one tracheal dimension. Independently, body length predicts vocal fold length while body mass predicts a second tracheal dimension. All vocal tract measures are larger in weaners than in pups and some structures are sexually dimorphic within age classes. We conclude that harbour seals do comply with anatomical allometric constraints. However, allometry between body size and vocal fold length seems to emerge after puppyhood, suggesting that ontogeny may modulate the anatomy\u2013learning distinction previously hypothesised as clear cut. We suggest that seals, and perhaps other species producing signals that deviate from those expected from their vocal tract dimensions, may break allometry without morphological adaptations. In seals, and potentially other vocal learning mammals, advanced neural control over vocal organs may be the main mechanism for breaking acoustic allometry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.243766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]],"date-time":"2022-04-28T19:02:40Z","timestamp":1651172560000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Vocal tract allometry in a mammalian vocal learner"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"225","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6129-9726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koen","family":"de Reus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics 1 Comparative Bioacoustics Group , , 6525 XD Nijmegen , The Netherlands"},{"name":"Vrije Universiteit Brussel 2 Artificial Intelligence Lab , , 1050 Brussels , Belgium"},{"name":"Sealcentre Pieterburen 3 Research Department , , 9968 AG Pieterburen , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daryll","family":"Carlson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sealcentre Pieterburen 3 Research Department , , 9968 AG Pieterburen , The Netherlands"},{"name":"Stanford University 4 Department of Earth System Science , , Stanford, CA 94305-4216 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2902-7568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice","family":"Lowry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sealcentre Pieterburen 3 Research Department , , 9968 AG Pieterburen , The Netherlands"},{"name":"University of Liverpool 5 School of Environmental Sciences , , Liverpool, L3 5DA , UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7734-1466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie","family":"Gross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation 6 Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research (ITAW) , , 25761 B\u00fcsum , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2014-7387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maxime","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Zurich 7 Animal Behaviour, Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies , , 8057 Z\u00fcrich , Switzerland"},{"name":"Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Language Evolution 8 , , CH-8050 Z\u00fcrich , Switzerland"},{"name":"University of Zurich 8 , , CH-8050 Z\u00fcrich , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7385-8671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Rubio-Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sealcentre Pieterburen 3 Research Department , , 9968 AG Pieterburen , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Salazar-Casals","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sealcentre Pieterburen 3 Research Department , , 9968 AG Pieterburen , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1058-0024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Ravignani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics 1 Comparative Bioacoustics Group , , 6525 XD Nijmegen , The Netherlands"},{"name":"Sealcentre Pieterburen 3 Research Department , , 9968 AG Pieterburen , The Netherlands"},{"name":"Center for Music in the Brain 9 , Department of Clinical Medicine , , 8000 Aarhus C , Denmark"},{"name":"Aarhus University & The Royal Academy of Music Aarhus\/Aalborg 9 , Department of Clinical Medicine , , 8000 Aarhus C , Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022122210085572700_JEB243766C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"jeb230201","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.230201","article-title":"Laryngeal and soft palate valving in the harbour seal (Phoca vitulina)","volume":"223","author":"Adams","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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