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Bycatch in gillnets is a contributing source of mortality for sea ducks, killing hundreds of thousands of individuals annually. We researched underwater hearing in sea duck species to increase knowledge of underwater avian acoustic sensitivity and to assist with possible development of gillnet bycatch mitigation strategies that include auditory deterrent devices. We used both psychoacoustic and electrophysiological techniques to investigate underwater duck hearing in several species including the long-tailed duck (Clangula hyemalis), surf scoter (Melanitta perspicillata) and common eider (Somateria mollissima). Psychoacoustic results demonstrated that all species tested share a common range of maximum auditory sensitivity of 1.0\u20133.0\u2005kHz, with the long-tailed ducks and common eiders at the high end of that range (2.96\u2005kHz), and surf scoters at the low end (1.0\u2005kHz). In addition, our electrophysiological results from 4 surf scoters and 2 long-tailed ducks, while only tested at 0.5, 1 and 2\u2005kHz, generally agree with the audiogram shape from our psychoacoustic testing. The results from this study are applicable to the development of effective acoustic deterrent devices or pingers in the 2\u20133\u2005kHz range to deter sea ducks from anthropogenic threats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.243953","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,28]],"date-time":"2022-10-28T09:01:57Z","timestamp":1666947717000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Underwater hearing in sea ducks with applications for reducing gillnet bycatch through acoustic deterrence"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"225","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0125-5198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathleen A.","family":"McGrew","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine 1 , 205 Duck Pond Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060 , USA"},{"name":"US Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center 2 , 12100 Beech Forest Road, Laurel, MD 20708 , USA"},{"name":"University of Delaware 3 Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology , , 531 South College Ave, Newark, DE 19716 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Crowell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center 2 , 12100 Beech Forest Road, Laurel, MD 20708 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan L.","family":"Fiely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center 2 , 12100 Beech Forest Road, Laurel, MD 20708 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5275-3077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicia M.","family":"Berlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center 2 , 12100 Beech Forest Road, Laurel, MD 20708 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7188-6203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Glenn H.","family":"Olsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center 2 , 12100 Beech Forest Road, Laurel, MD 20708 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Delaware 3 Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology , , 531 South College Ave, Newark, DE 19716 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3009-1690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heather","family":"Hopkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Delaware 3 Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology , , 531 South College Ave, Newark, DE 19716 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher K.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Newport Division, Mission Environmental Planning 4 , 1176 Howell St, Newport, RI 02841 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022110909182224100_JEB243953C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.3354\/esr00776","article-title":"Long-term effectiveness of pingers on a small population of finless porpoises in Japan","volume":"32","author":"Amano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endange. 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