{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T11:06:24Z","timestamp":1790766384319,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]],"date-time":"2022-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.biologists.com\/user-licence-1-1\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["11D5819N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11D5819N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["FWO-Vl"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FWO-Vl"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"TOURNESOL"},{"name":"Royal Belgian Zoological Society"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000654","name":"Marie Curie","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["HPMF-CT-2001-01407"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HPMF-CT-2001-01407"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000654","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007229","name":"Bijzonder Onderzoeksfonds UGent","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["BOF.EXP.2017.0007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BOF.EXP.2017.0007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007229","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Caecilians are predominantly burrowing, elongate, limbless amphibians that have been relatively poorly studied. Although it has been suggested that the sturdy and compact skulls of caecilians are an adaptation to their head-first burrowing habits, no clear relationship between skull shape and burrowing performance appears to exist. However, the external forces encountered during burrowing are transmitted by the skull to the vertebral column, and, as such, may impact vertebral shape. Additionally, the muscles that generate the burrowing forces attach onto the vertebral column and consequently may impact vertebral shape that way as well. Here, we explored the relationships between vertebral shape and maximal in vivo push forces in 13 species of caecilian amphibians. Our results show that the shape of the two most anterior vertebrae, as well as the shape of the vertebrae at 90% of the total body length, is not correlated with peak push forces. Conversely, the shape of the third vertebrae, and the vertebrae at 20% and 60% of the total body length, does show a relationship to push forces measured in vivo. Whether these relationships are indirect (external forces constraining shape variation) or direct (muscle forces constraining shape variation) remains unclear and will require quantitative studies of the axial musculature. Importantly, our data suggest that mid-body vertebrae may potentially be used as proxies to infer burrowing capacity in fossil representatives.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.244288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,6]],"date-time":"2022-06-06T08:16:57Z","timestamp":1654503417000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Is vertebral shape variability in caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona) constrained by forces experienced during burrowing?"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"225","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0065-7152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aur\u00e9lien","family":"Lowie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghent University 1 Department of Biology, Evolutionary Morphology of Vertebrates , , K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Gent , Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"De Kegel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghent University 1 Department of Biology, Evolutionary Morphology of Vertebrates , , K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Gent , Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Wilkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural History Museum 2 Department of Life Sciences , , London SW7 5BD , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9939-7615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Measey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Invasion Biology 3 , Department of Botany & Zoology , , Private Bag X1, 7602 Matieland, Stellenbosch , South Africa"},{"name":"Stellenbosch University 3 , Department of Botany & Zoology , , Private Bag X1, 7602 Matieland, Stellenbosch , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James C.","family":"O'Reilly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ohio University, Cleveland Campus, SPS-334C 4 Department of Biomedical Sciences , , Cleveland, OH 45701 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan J.","family":"Kley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Center, T8-082, Stony Brook University 5 Department of Anatomical Sciences , , Stony Brook, NY 11794-8081 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Gaucher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USR 3456, CNRS, Centre de recherche de Montabo IRD, CNRS-Guyane 6 , 97334 Cayenne , French Guiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Brecko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Museum for Central Africa, Biological Collections and Data Management 7 , 3080 Tervuren , Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Kleinteich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TPW Prufzentrum GmbH 8 , 41460 Neuss , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominique","family":"Adriaens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghent University 1 Department of Biology, Evolutionary Morphology of Vertebrates , , K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Gent , Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0991-4434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony","family":"Herrel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghent University 1 Department of Biology, Evolutionary Morphology of Vertebrates , , K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Gent , Belgium"},{"name":"UMR 7179 C.N.R.S\/M.N.H.N. 9 , D\u00e9partement d'Ecologie et de Gestion de la Biodiversit\u00e9, 57 rue Cuvier, Case postale 55, 75231, Paris Cedex 5 , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022062211090721500_JEB244288C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syu030","article-title":"A generalized K statistic for estimating phylogenetic signal from shape and other high-dimensional multivariate data","volume":"63","author":"Adams","year":"2014","journal-title":"Syst. Biol."},{"key":"2022062211090721500_JEB244288C2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s12862-018-1342-7","article-title":"Morphological evolution and modularity of the caecilian skull","volume":"19","author":"Bardua","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Evol. Biol."},{"key":"2022062211090721500_JEB244288C3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2003.tb00285.x","article-title":"Testing for phylogenetic signal in comparative data: behavioral traits are more labile","volume":"57","author":"Blomberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2022062211090721500_JEB244288C4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.21064","article-title":"The atlas \u2013 axis complex in Dibamidae (Reptilia : Squamata) and their potential relatives: the effect of a fossorial lifestyle on the morphology of this skeletal bridge","volume":"280","author":"\u010ceransk\u00fd","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Morphol."},{"key":"2022062211090721500_JEB244288C5","first-page":"450","article-title":"Experimental examination of burrowing behavior in caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona): effects of soil compaction on burrowing ability of four species","volume":"49","author":"Ducey","year":"1993","journal-title":"Herpetologica"},{"key":"2022062211090721500_JEB244288C6","first-page":"437","article-title":"The American caecilians","volume":"91","author":"Dunn","year":"1942","journal-title":"Bull. Museum Comp. Zool."},{"key":"2022062211090721500_JEB244288C7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1038\/239228b0","article-title":"The first fossil record of caecilian amphibians","volume":"239","author":"Estes","year":"1972","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2022062211090721500_JEB244288C8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-4983.00179","article-title":"A stem-group caecilian (Lissamphibia: Gymnophiona) from the lower Cretaceous of North Africa","volume":"44","author":"Evans","year":"2001","journal-title":"Paleontology"},{"key":"2022062211090721500_JEB244288C9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1086\/284325","article-title":"Phylogenies and the comparative method","volume":"125","author":"Felsenstein","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. 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Morphology A.","author":"Hoffstetter","year":"1969"},{"key":"2022062211090721500_JEB244288C15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-018-0515-5","article-title":"The interplay of past diversification and evolutionary isolation with present imperilment across the amphibian tree of life","volume":"2","author":"Jetz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"2022062211090721500_JEB244288C17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70780D","DOI":"10.1117\/12.795063","article-title":"Applying x-ray tomography in the field of vertebrate biology: form, function, and evolution of the skull of caecilians (Lissamphibia: Gymnophiona)","volume-title":"Proc. SPIE 7078, Developments in X-Ray Tomography VI","author":"Kleinteich","year":"2008"},{"key":"2022062211090721500_JEB244288C18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.065979","article-title":"Is solid always best? Cranial performance in solid and fenestrated caecilian skulls","volume":"215","author":"Kleinteich","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2022062211090721500_JEB244288C19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.zool.2008.12.001","article-title":"Sexual size dimorphism in caecilian amphibians: analysis, review and directions for future research","volume":"112","author":"Kupfer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Zoology"},{"key":"2022062211090721500_JEB244288C20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcz.2005.12.001","article-title":"Copulation and egg retention in an oviparous Caecilian (Amphibia: Gymnophiona)","volume":"244","author":"Kupfer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Zool. 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Biol."},{"key":"2022062211090721500_JEB244288C24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13682","article-title":"Regional differences in vertebral shape along the axial skeleton in caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona)","author":"Lowie","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"2022062211090721500_JEB244288C25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.4329.4.1","article-title":"A new species of small and highly abbreviated caecilian (Gymnophiona: Indotyphlidae) from the Seychelles island of Praslin, and a recharacterization of Hypogeophis brevis Boulenger, 1911","volume":"4329","author":"Maddock","year":"2017","journal-title":"Zootaxa"},{"key":"2022062211090721500_JEB244288C26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1163\/15685381-00003057","article-title":"Sexual size dimorphism in the viviparous caecilian amphibian Geotrypetes seraphini seraphini (Gymnophiona: Dermophiidae) including an updated overview of sexual dimorphism in caecilian amphibians","volume":"37","author":"Maerker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Amphib. 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Morphol."},{"key":"2022062211090721500_JEB244288C52","first-page":"1","article-title":"Rhinatrematidae: A new family of caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona)","volume":"682","author":"Nussbaum","year":"1977","journal-title":"Occas. Pap. Museum Zool."},{"key":"2022062211090721500_JEB244288C30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1982.tb02083.x","article-title":"Variation in the trunk musculature of caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona)","volume":"198","author":"Nussbaum","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Zool."},{"key":"2022062211090721500_JEB244288C31","first-page":"1","article-title":"Revision of the African caecilian genus Schistometopum Parker (Amphibia: Gymnophiona: Caeciliidae)","volume":"187","author":"Nussbaum","year":"1998","journal-title":"Misc. Publ. Museum Zool. Univ. Michigan"},{"key":"2022062211090721500_JEB244288C32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/1466984","article-title":"On the classification and phylogeny of caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona), a critical review","volume":"3","author":"Nussbaum","year":"1989","journal-title":"Herpetol. Monogr."},{"key":"2022062211090721500_JEB244288C33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012632590-4\/50007-1","article-title":"Feeding in caecilians","volume-title":"Feeding: Form, Function, and Evolution in Tetrapod Vertebrates","author":"O'Reilly","year":"2000"},{"key":"2022062211090721500_JEB244288C34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/386269a0","article-title":"Hydrostatic locomotion in a limbless tetrapod","volume":"386","author":"O'Reilly","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2022062211090721500_JEB244288C35","first-page":"35","article-title":"Die Wirbels\u00e4ule der Gymnophionen","volume":"9","author":"Peter","year":"1894","journal-title":"Ber. Naturforsch. Ges. Freiburg."},{"key":"2022062211090721500_JEB244288C36","first-page":"1033","article-title":"Le plus ancien amphibien apode (Gymnophiona) fossile. Remarques sur la r\u00e9partition et l'histoire pal\u00e9obiog\u00e9ographique des gymnophiones","volume":"302","author":"Rage","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acad. Sci."},{"key":"2022062211090721500_JEB244288C37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.2307\/1445966","article-title":"Body and vertebral proportions in Gymnophiona (Amphibia): diversity of morphological types","volume":"1989","author":"Renous","year":"1989","journal-title":"Copeia"},{"key":"2022062211090721500_JEB244288C38","first-page":"59","article-title":"Donn\u00e9es pr\u00e9liminaires sur les capacit\u00e9s locomotrices des amphibiens gymnophiones","volume":"14","author":"Renous","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann. Sci. Nat."},{"key":"2022062211090721500_JEB244288C39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1007\/s11692-014-9287-2","article-title":"Evolution of cranial shape in caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona)","volume":"41","author":"Sherratt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Evol. Biol."},{"key":"2022062211090721500_JEB244288C40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1997.tb00147.x","article-title":"A comparative study of locomotion in the caecilians Dermophis mexicanus and Typhlonectes natans (Amphibia: Gymnophiona)","volume":"121","author":"Summers","year":"1997","journal-title":"Zool. J. Linn. Soc."},{"key":"2022062211090721500_JEB244288C41","volume-title":"The Caecilians of the World. A Taxonomic Review.","author":"Taylor","year":"1968"},{"key":"2022062211090721500_JEB244288C42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.part.24959","article-title":"Comparative anatomy of caecilian anterior vertebrae","volume":"51","author":"Taylor","year":"1977","journal-title":"Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull."},{"key":"2022062211090721500_JEB244288C43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.2010.01519.x","article-title":"Push and bite: trade-offs between burrowing and biting in a burrowing skink (Acontias percivali)","volume":"101","author":"Vanhooydonck","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. J. Linn. Soc."},{"key":"2022062211090721500_JEB244288C44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051650202","article-title":"Morphometrics of the skeleton of Dermophis mexicanus (Amphibia Gymnophiona). Part I. The vertebrae, with comparisons to other species","volume":"165","author":"Wake","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Morphol."},{"key":"2022062211090721500_JEB244288C45","first-page":"197","article-title":"The skull as a locomotor organ","volume-title":"The Skull: Functional and Evolutionary Mechanisms","author":"Wake","year":"1993"},{"key":"2022062211090721500_JEB244288C46","first-page":"1809","article-title":"The osteology of caecilians","volume-title":"Amphibian Biology, Volume 5. Osteology","author":"Wake","year":"2003"},{"key":"2022062211090721500_JEB244288C47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051730208","article-title":"Development of the skull of Dermophis mexicanus (Amphibia: Gymnophiona), with comments on skull kinesis and amphibian relationships","volume":"173","author":"Wake","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Morphol."},{"key":"2022062211090721500_JEB244288C48","volume-title":"Die Anatomie der Gymnophionen","author":"Wiedersheim","year":"1879"},{"key":"2022062211090721500_JEB244288C49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2012.06.019","article-title":"Caecilians","volume":"22","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"2022062211090721500_JEB244288C50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.1997.tb01616.x","article-title":"Comparative morphology and evolution of the lungless caecilian Atretochoana eiselti (Taylor) (Amphibia: Gymnophiona: Typhlonectidae)","volume":"62","author":"Wilkinson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biol. J. Linn. Soc."}],"container-title":["Journal of Experimental Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1242\/jeb.244288\/2146959\/jeb244288.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1242\/jeb.244288\/2149480\/jeb244288.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1242\/jeb.244288\/2149480\/jeb244288.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]],"date-time":"2022-06-22T11:09:36Z","timestamp":1655896176000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article\/225\/12\/jeb244288\/275780\/Is-vertebral-shape-variability-in-caecilians"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jeb.244288","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0949","1477-9145"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0949","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-9145","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]]},"article-number":"jeb244288"}}