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In developing zebrafish (Danio rerio), the acute HVR is multiphasic, consisting of a rapid increase in ventilation frequency (fV) during hypoxia onset, followed by a decline to a stable plateau phase above fV under normoxic conditions. In this study, we examined the potential role of catecholamines in contributing to each of these phases of the dynamic HVR in zebrafish larvae. We showed that adrenaline elicits a dose-dependent \u03b2-adrenoreceptor (AR)-mediated increase in fV that does not require expression of \u03b21-ARs, as the hyperventilatory response to \u03b2-AR stimulation was unaltered in adrb1\u2212\/\u2212 mutants, generated by CRISPR\/Cas9 knockout. In response to hypoxia and propranolol co-treatment, the magnitude of the rapidly occurring peak increase in fV during hypoxia onset was attenuated (112\u00b114 breaths min\u22121 without propranolol to 68\u00b117 breaths min\u22121 with propranolol), whereas the increased fV during the stable phase of the HVR was prevented in both wild type and adrb1\u2212\/\u2212 mutants. Thus, \u03b21-AR is not required for the HVR and other \u03b2-ARs, although not required for initiation of the HVR, are involved in setting the maximal increase in fV and in maintaining hyperventilation during continued hypoxia. This adrenergic modulation of the HVR may arise from centrally released catecholamines because adrenaline exposure failed to activate (based on intracellular Ca2+ levels) cranial nerves IX and X, which transmit O2 signals from the pharyngeal arch to the central nervous system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.245051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]],"date-time":"2022-12-09T09:12:13Z","timestamp":1670577133000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Catecholamines modulate the hypoxic ventilatory response of larval zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"226","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1455-1439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yihang","family":"Kevin Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Ottawa Department of Biology , , ON , Canada , K1N 9A7"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tess","family":"Julian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Ottawa Department of Biology , , ON , Canada , K1N 9A7"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kayla","family":"Garvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Ottawa Department of Biology , , ON , Canada , K1N 9A7"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steve F.","family":"Perry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Ottawa Department of Biology , , ON , Canada , K1N 9A7"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023010609405749200_JEB245051C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.151.1.57","article-title":"A possible role for catecholamines in the ventilatory responses associated with internal acidosis or external hypoxia in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss","volume":"151","author":"Aota","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. 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