{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T04:23:28Z","timestamp":1779164608219,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"Suppl_1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]],"date-time":"2023-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Washington"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001906","name":"Washington Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001906","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Hummingbirds are the most speciose group of vertebrate nectarivores and exhibit striking bill variation in association with their floral food sources. To explicitly link comparative feeding biomechanics to hummingbird ecology, deciphering how they move nectar from the tongue to the throat is as important as understanding how this liquid is collected. We employed synced, orthogonally positioned, high-speed cameras to describe the bill movements, and backlight filming to track tongue and nectar displacements intraorally. We reveal that the tongue base plays a central role in fluid handling, and that the bill is neither just a passive vehicle taking the tongue inside the flower nor a static tube for the nectar to flow into the throat. Instead, we show that the bill is actually a dynamic device with an unexpected pattern of opening and closing of its tip and base. We describe three complementary mechanisms: (1) distal wringing: the tongue is wrung out as soon as it is retracted and upon protrusion, near the bill tip where the intraoral capacity is decreased when the bill tips are closed; (2) tongue raking: the nectar filling the intraoral cavity is moved mouthwards by the tongue base, leveraging flexible flaps, upon retraction; (3) basal expansion: as more nectar is released into the oral cavity, the bill base is open (phase-shifted from the tip opening), increasing the intraoral capacity to facilitate nectar flow towards the throat.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.245074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]],"date-time":"2023-04-11T07:41:25Z","timestamp":1681198885000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Nectar feeding beyond the tongue: hummingbirds drink using phase-shifted bill opening, flexible tongue flaps and wringing at the tips"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"226","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4067-5312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Rico-Guevara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington 1 Department of Biology , , Seattle, WA 98195 , USA"},{"name":"Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington 2 , Seattle, WA 98105 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristiina J.","family":"Hurme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington 1 Department of Biology , , Seattle, WA 98195 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margaret A.","family":"Rubega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Connecticut 3 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology , , Storrs, CT 06269 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4661-7180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Cuban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington 1 Department of Biology , , Seattle, WA 98195 , USA"},{"name":"Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington 2 , Seattle, WA 98105 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3533","DOI":"10.3390\/app11083533","article-title":"Effects of tube radius and surface tension on capillary rise dynamics of water\/butanol mixtures","volume":"11","author":"Baek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e8988","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.8988","article-title":"Floral phenology of an Andean bellflower and pollination by buff\u2013tailed sicklebill hummingbird","volume":"12","author":"Boehm","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.589","article-title":"X-ray reconstruction of moving morphology (XROMM): precision, accuracy and applications in comparative biomechanics research","volume":"313A","author":"Brainerd","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Exp. Zool."},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-ipr.2019.0814","article-title":"Backlit images enhancement using global tone mappings and image fusion","volume":"14","author":"Buades","year":"2020","journal-title":"IET Image Process."},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2011.0336","article-title":"How dogs lap: ingestion and intraoral transport in Canis familiaris","volume":"7","author":"Crompton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Lett."},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"jeb243096","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.243096","article-title":"On the feeding biomechanics of nectarivorous birds","volume":"225","author":"Cuban","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.13784","article-title":"The influence of biogeographical and evolutionary histories on morphological trait\u2013matching and resource specialization in mutualistic hummingbird\u2013plant networks","volume":"35","author":"Dalsgaard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C8","volume-title":"Birds Part 3 of the Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle","author":"Darwin","year":"1841"},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2036","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.047159","article-title":"Kinematics of the quadrate bone during feeding in mallard ducks","volume":"214","author":"Dawson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C10","first-page":"20","article-title":"Die Kolibris lecken und saugen ihre Nahrung","volume":"39","author":"D\u00f6hling","year":"1931","journal-title":"Ornitholog. Monatsbericht"},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2013.09.005","article-title":"Function-related morphological characteristics and specialized structures of the avian tongue","volume":"196","author":"Erdo\u011fan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Anat."},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1093\/auk\/124.4.1244","article-title":"Small-prey profitability: Field analysis of shorebirds\u2019 use of surface tension of water to transport prey","volume":"124","author":"Estrella","year":"2007","journal-title":"Auk"},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C13","first-page":"573","article-title":"Function of the bill and tongue in nectar uptake by hummingbirds","volume":"99","author":"Ewald","year":"1982","journal-title":"Auk"},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C76","first-page":"62","article-title":"On the suctorial apparatus of the Tenuirostres","volume":"1883","author":"Gadow","year":"1883","journal-title":"Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond."},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1134\/S1054661819030039","article-title":"A fast action recognition strategy based on motion trajectory occurrences","volume":"29","author":"Garz\u00f3n","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit. Image Anal."},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C15","volume-title":"An Introduction to the Trochilidae: Or Family of Humming-birds","author":"Gould","year":"1861"},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9400","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.20.9400","article-title":"Foraging ability of rufous hummingbirds on hummingbird flowers and hawkmoth flowers","volume":"89","author":"Grant","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icab133","article-title":"Mechanoethology: the physical mechanisms of behavior","volume":"61","author":"Green","year":"2021","journal-title":"Integr. Comp. Biol."},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C18","first-page":"17","article-title":"Las interacciones ecol\u00f3gicas y estructura de una comunidad altoandina de colibr\u00edes y flores en la cordillera oriental de Colombia","volume":"7","author":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Zamora","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ornitol. Colomb."},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(73)90559-8","article-title":"On the tongue of a hummingbird: its role in the rate and energetics of feeding","volume":"46A","author":"Hainsworth","year":"1973","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00368847","article-title":"Nectar characteristics and food selection by hummingbirds","volume":"25","author":"Hainsworth","year":"1976","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1006\/jcis.2000.6830","article-title":"Can a dynamic contact angle be understood in terms of a friction coefficient?","volume":"226","author":"Hamraoui","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.21513","article-title":"Variable evidence for convergence in morphology and function across avian nectarivores","volume":"283","author":"Hewes","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Morphol."},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00379522","article-title":"Optimal sugar concentrations of floral nectars: dependence on sugar intake efficiency and foraging costs","volume":"60","author":"Heyneman","year":"1983","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C23","first-page":"94","article-title":"The avian tongue and larynx: multiple functions in nutrition and vocalization","author":"Homberger","year":"1999"},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-44153-5_2","article-title":"The avian lingual and laryngeal apparatus within the context of the head and jaw apparatus, with comparisons to the mammalian condition: functional morphology and biomechanics of evaporative cooling, feeding, drinking, and vocalization","volume-title":"The Biology of the Avian Respiratory System","author":"Homberger","year":"2017"},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.12096","article-title":"Foraging currencies, metabolism and behavioural routines","volume":"83","author":"Houston","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol."},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4885","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-22866-w","article-title":"Burst mode pumping: a new mechanism of drinking in mosquitoes","volume":"8","author":"Kikuchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.048793","article-title":"Experimental analysis of the blood-sucking mechanism of female mosquitoes","volume":"214","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00379523","article-title":"Mechanical determinants of nectar feeding strategy in hummingbirds: energetics, tongue morphology, and licking behavior","volume":"60","author":"Kingsolver","year":"1983","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/s41526-021-00180-6","article-title":"Capillary flow of liquids in open microchannels: overview and recent advances","volume":"7","author":"Kolliopoulos","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ Microgravity"},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051990308","article-title":"Mechanics of drinking in the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos, Anatidae)","volume":"199","author":"Kooloos","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Morphol."},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6582","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-06391-w","article-title":"Structural and physical determinants of the proboscis\u2013sucking pump complex in the evolution of fluid-feeding insects","volume":"7","author":"Kornev","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.100222","article-title":"Experimental analysis of the liquid-feeding mechanism of the butterfly Pieris rapae","volume":"217","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12828","article-title":"The evolution, ecology, and conservation of hummingbirds and their interactions with flowering plants","volume":"97","author":"Leimberger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc."},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.5479\/si.00963801.14-848.169","article-title":"On the structure of the tongue of hummingbirds","volume":"14","author":"Lucas","year":"1891","journal-title":"Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus."},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2572","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2017.5478","article-title":"High-speed fluoroscopy to measure dynamic spinal cord deformation in an in vivo rat model","volume":"35","author":"Lucas","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3325","DOI":"10.1890\/13-2261.1","article-title":"Morphological traits determine specialization and resource use in plant\u2013hummingbird networks in the neotropics","volume":"95","author":"Maglianesi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2171","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.13746","article-title":"Behavioural and morphological traits influence sex-specific floral resource use by hummingbirds","volume":"91","author":"Maglianesi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol."},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C37","volume-title":"The Naturalist's Library: A General History of Humming-Birds or the Trochilidae","author":"Martin","year":"1833"},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2011.0392","article-title":"Butterfly proboscis: combining a drinking straw with a nanosponge facilitated diversification of feeding habits","volume":"9","author":"Monaenkova","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C39","first-page":"651","article-title":"\u00dcber die Schnabel- und Zungenmechanik bl\u00fctenbesuchender V\u00f6gel. I","volume":"VI","author":"Moller","year":"1930","journal-title":"Biol. Generalis"},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00379882","article-title":"Nectar extraction by hummingbirds: Response to different floral characters","volume":"63","author":"Montgomerie","year":"1984","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.054387","article-title":"Drinking problems on a \u2018simple\u2019 diet: physiological convergence in nectar-feeding birds","volume":"217","author":"Nicolson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C42","first-page":"257","article-title":"Scanning electron microscopy of the tongue in the golden eagle Aquila chrysaetos (Aves: Falconiformes: Accipitridae)","volume":"5","author":"Parchami","year":"2010","journal-title":"World J. Zool."},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1156023","article-title":"Surface tension transport of prey by feeding shorebirds: the capillary ratchet","volume":"320","author":"Prakash","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C44","unstructured":"Rico-Guevara, A.\n           (2014). Morphology and function of the drinking apparatus in hummingbirds. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Connecticut, 490. https:\/\/opencommons.uconn.edu\/dissertations\/490."},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3449","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.3449","article-title":"Relating form to function in the hummingbird feeding apparatus","volume":"5","author":"Rico-Guevara","year":"2017","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9356","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1016944108","article-title":"The hummingbird tongue is a fluid trap, not a capillary tube","volume":"108","author":"Rico-Guevara","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E867","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1119750109","article-title":"Hummingbird feeding mechanics: comments on the capillarity model","volume":"109","author":"Rico-Guevara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.zool.2017.06.001","article-title":"Functional morphology of hummingbird bill tips: their function as tongue wringers","volume":"123","author":"Rico-Guevara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Zoology"},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20151014","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2015.1014","article-title":"Hummingbird tongues are elastic micropumps","volume":"282","author":"Rico-Guevara","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"oby006","DOI":"10.1093\/iob\/oby006","article-title":"Shifting paradigms in the mechanics of nectar extraction and hummingbird bill morphology","volume":"1","author":"Rico-Guevara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Integr. Org. Biol."},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-13739-7_17","article-title":"Feeding in birds: thriving in terrestrial, aquatic, and aerial niches","volume-title":"Feeding in vertebrates Anatomy, Biomechanics, Evolution","author":"Rico-Guevara","year":"2019"},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icab111","article-title":"Bene\u2018fit\u2019 assessment in pollination coevolution: mechanistic perspectives on hummingbird bill-flower matching","volume":"61","author":"Rico-Guevara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Integr. Comp. Biol."},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C54","volume-title":"TPSDig2 Version 2.16","author":"Rohlf","year":"2010"},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2010.12.026","article-title":"An assessment of the mechanisms for the transfer of lead and mercury from atmospherically contaminated organic soils to lake sediments with particular reference to Scotland, UK","volume":"82","author":"Rose","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-919X.1997.tb04663.x","article-title":"Surface tension prey transport in shorebirds: how widespread is it?","volume":"139","author":"Rubega","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ibis"},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icab124","article-title":"Locomotion and energetics of divergent foraging strategies in hummingbirds: a review","volume":"61","author":"Sargent","year":"2021","journal-title":"Integr. Comp. Biol."},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01955537","article-title":"Beitr\u00e4ge zur Morphologie und Entwicklungsgeschichte der Zunge der Trochilidae, Meliphagidae und Picidae","volume":"79","author":"Scharnke","year":"1931","journal-title":"J. Ornithol."},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2089","article-title":"NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis","volume":"9","author":"Schneider","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.02.110171.002101","article-title":"Theory of feeding strategies","volume":"2","author":"Schoener","year":"1971","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst."},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.2307\/3481","article-title":"Feeding niches of hummingbirds in a Trinidad Valley","volume":"41","author":"Snow","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol."},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C79","author":"Snow","year":"1980"},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C61","first-page":"11","article-title":"Der Trinkakt der Kolibris","volume":"43","author":"Steinbacher","year":"1935","journal-title":"Ornithol. Monatsberichte"},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.2307\/1934961","article-title":"Ecology, flowering phenology, and hummingbird pollination of some Costa Rican Heliconia species","volume":"56","author":"Stiles","year":"1975","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.122988","volume-title":"Methodi naturalis avium disponendarum tentamen: F\u00f6rs\u00f6k till fogelklassens naturenliga uppst\u00e4llnung","author":"Sundevall","year":"1872"},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00330015","article-title":"A new dimension to hummingbird-flower relationships","volume":"105","author":"Temeles","year":"1996","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00317307","article-title":"Effect of sexual dimorphism in bill length on foraging behavior: an experimental analysis of hummingbirds","volume":"94","author":"Temeles","year":"1993","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1126\/science.289.5478.441","article-title":"Evidence for ecological causation of sexual dimorphism in a hummingbird","volume":"289","author":"Temeles","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C82","first-page":"68","article-title":"The role of flower width in hummingbird bill length\u2013flower length relationships","volume":"34","author":"Temeles","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biotropica"},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1890\/08-0695.1","article-title":"Effect of flower shape and size on foraging performance and trade-offs in a tropical hummingbird","volume":"90","author":"Temeles","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0284","article-title":"Evolution of sexual dimorphism in bill size and shape of hermit hummingbirds (Phaethornithinae): a role for ecological causation","volume":"365","author":"Temeles","year":"2010","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B: Biol. Sci."},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1086\/282704","article-title":"The coal tit as a careful shopper","volume":"105","author":"Tullock","year":"1971","journal-title":"Am. Nat."},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12730","article-title":"Persistent bill and corolla matching despite shifting temporal resources in tropical hummingbird\u2013plant interactions","volume":"20","author":"Weinstein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1159\/000142586","article-title":"The tongue apparatus in hummingbirds","volume":"58","author":"Weymouth","year":"1964","journal-title":"Acta Anat."},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1126\/science.176.4041.1351","article-title":"Energetics of foraging: rate and efficiency of nectar extraction by hummingbirds","volume":"176","author":"Wolf","year":"1972","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.2307\/3879","article-title":"Ecological organization of a tropical, highland hummingbird community","volume":"45","author":"Wolf","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol."},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1038\/428615a","article-title":"Feeding mechanisms: Hummingbird jaw bends to aid insect capture","volume":"428","author":"Yanega","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1525\/om.2013.77.1.1","article-title":"Introduction to the skeleton of hummingbirds (Aves: Apodiformes, Trochilidae) in functional and phylogenetic contexts","volume":"77","author":"Zusi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ornithol. Monographs"},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1163\/156853982X00391","article-title":"Drinking of the pigeon (Columba livia L.)","volume":"80","author":"Zweers","year":"1982","journal-title":"Behaviour"},{"key":"2023042110095037600_JEB245074C75","author":"Zweers","year":"1977"}],"container-title":["Journal of Experimental Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1242\/jeb.245074\/2793565\/jeb245074.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1242\/jeb.245074\/2793565\/jeb245074.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]],"date-time":"2023-04-21T10:10:58Z","timestamp":1682071858000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article\/226\/Suppl_1\/jeb245074\/306218\/Nectar-feeding-beyond-the-tongue-hummingbirds"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"Suppl_1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jeb.245074","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0949","1477-9145"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0949","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-9145","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]]},"article-number":"jeb245074"}}