{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T23:46:24Z","timestamp":1792021584989,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.biologists.com\/user-licence-1-1\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007810","name":"University of North Carolina Wilmington","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007810","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation"},{"name":"Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>We used thermal imaging to show that two environmental factors \u2013 acute stress and diet \u2013 influence thermoregulatory performance of a known thermal window, the avian bill. The bill plays important roles in thermoregulation and water balance. Given that heat loss through the bill is adjustable through vasoconstriction and vasodilation, and acute stress can cause vasoconstriction in peripheral body surfaces, we hypothesized that stress may influence the bill's role as a thermal window. We further hypothesized that diet influences heat dissipation from the bill, given that body condition influences the surface temperature of another body region (the eye region). We measured the surface temperature of the bills of song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) before, during and after handling by an observer at 37\u00b0C ambient temperature. We fed five birds a restricted diet intended to maintain body mass typical of wild birds, and we fed six birds an unrestricted diet for 5\u00a0months prior to experiments. Acute stress caused a decrease in the surface temperature of the bill, resulting in a 32.4% decrease in heat dissipation immediately following acute stress, before recovering over approximately 2.3\u2005min. The initial reduction and subsequent recovery provide partial support for the hemoprotective and thermoprotective hypotheses, which predict a reduction or increase in peripheral blood flow, respectively. Birds with unrestricted diets had larger bills and dissipated more heat, indicating that diet and body condition influence bill-mediated heat dissipation and thermoregulation. These results indicate that stress-induced vascular changes and diet can influence mechanisms of heat loss and potentially inhibit optimal thermoregulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.245316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T09:46:34Z","timestamp":1674035194000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Acute stress and restricted diet reduce bill-mediated heat dissipation in the song sparrow (<i>Melospiza melodia<\/i>): implications for optimal thermoregulation"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"226","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9508-3739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan D.","family":"Zuluaga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina Wilmington 1 Department of Biology and Marine Biology , , Wilmington, NC 28403-5915 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3999-8141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raymond M.","family":"Danner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina Wilmington 1 Department of Biology and Marine Biology , , Wilmington, NC 28403-5915 , USA"},{"name":"Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center 2 , , National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C. 20008 , USA"},{"name":"Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute 2 , , National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C. 20008 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023021016260317100_JEB245316C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1613625114","article-title":"Mapping evaporative water loss in desert passerines reveals an expanding threat of lethal dehydration","volume":"114","author":"Albright","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. 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