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Lipids not only provide the structural basis of cell membranes, but also take part in a wide variety of biochemical processes. In neurodegenerative diseases, lipids can facilitate neuroprotection and serve as diagnostic biomarkers. The study of organisms adapted to extreme environments may prove particularly valuable in understanding mechanisms that protect against stressful conditions and prevent neurodegeneration. The brain of the hooded seal (Cystophora cristata) exhibits a remarkable tolerance to low tissue oxygen levels (hypoxia). While neurons of most terrestrial mammals suffer irreversible damage after only short periods of hypoxia, in vitro experiments show that neurons of the hooded seal display prolonged functional integrity even in severe hypoxia. How the brain lipidome contributes to the hypoxia tolerance of marine mammals has been poorly studied. We performed an untargeted lipidomics analysis, which revealed that lipid species are significantly modulated in marine mammals compared with non-diving mammals. Increased levels of sphingomyelin species may have important implications for efficient signal transduction in the seal brain. Substrate assays also revealed elevated normoxic tissue levels of glucose and lactate, which suggests an enhanced glycolytic capacity. Additionally, concentrations of the neurotransmitters glutamate and glutamine were decreased, which may indicate reduced excitatory synaptic signaling in marine mammals. Analysis of hypoxia-exposed brain tissue suggests that these represent constitutive mechanisms rather than an induced response towards hypoxic conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.245355","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]],"date-time":"2023-03-27T07:26:42Z","timestamp":1679902002000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The roles of brain lipids and polar metabolites in the hypoxia tolerance of deep-diving pinnipeds"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"226","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5101-6796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerrit A.","family":"Martens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Cell and Systems Biology, Biocenter Grindel, University of Hamburg 1 , 20146 Hamburg , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cornelia","family":"Ge\u00dfner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Cell and Systems Biology, Biocenter Grindel, University of Hamburg 1 , 20146 Hamburg , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lars P.","family":"Folkow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Troms\u00f8 \u2013 The Arctic University of Norway 2 Department of Arctic and Marine Biology , , Breivika, NO 9037 Troms\u00f8 , Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Creydt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg 3 Hamburg School of Food Science , , 20146 Hamburg , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg 3 Hamburg School of Food Science , , 20146 Hamburg , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thorsten","family":"Burmester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Cell and Systems Biology, Biocenter Grindel, University of Hamburg 1 , 20146 Hamburg , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023041410005666100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e80438","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080438","article-title":"Investigating annual diving behaviour by hooded seals (Cystophora cristata) within the Northwest Atlantic Ocean","volume":"8","author":"Andersen","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2023041410005666100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-200110000-00001","article-title":"An energy budget for signaling in the grey matter of the brain","volume":"21","author":"Attwell","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. 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