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Still, the effect of dive depth on foraging cost remains elusive because energy expenditure is difficult to measure at fine temporal scales in wild animals. We used depth and acceleration data from eight lactating California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) to model body density and investigate the effect of dive depth and tissue density on rates of energy expenditure. We calculated body density in 5\u2005s intervals from the rate of gliding descent. We modeled body density across depth in each dive, revealing high tissue densities and diving lung volumes (DLVs). DLV increased with dive depth in four individuals. We used the buoyancy calculated from dive-specific body-density models and drag calculated from swim speed to estimate metabolic power and cost of transport in 5\u2005s intervals during descents and ascents. Deeper dives required greater mean power for round-trip vertical transit, especially in individuals with higher tissue density. These trends likely follow from increased mean swim speed and buoyant hinderance that increasingly outweighs buoyant aid in deeper dives. This suggests that deep diving is either a \u2018high-cost, high-reward\u2019 strategy or an energetically expensive option to access prey when prey in shallow waters are limited, and that poor body condition may increase the energetic costs of deep diving. These results add to our mechanistic understanding of how foraging strategy and body condition affect energy expenditure in wild breath-hold divers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.246059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]],"date-time":"2023-06-22T04:08:46Z","timestamp":1687406926000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Deep dives and high tissue density increase mean dive costs in California sea lions (\n                    <i>Zalophus californianus<\/i>\n                    )"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"226","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1041-6435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mason R.","family":"Cole","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, San Jose State University 1 , 8272 Moss Landing Rd, Moss Landing, CA 95039 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4616-5017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colin","family":"Ware","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping, University of New Hampshire 2 , Durham, NH 03924 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3147-2628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"McHuron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean, and Ecosystem Studies, University of Washington 3 , Seattle, WA 98105 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0233-5782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel P.","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California 4 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology , , Santa Cruz, CA 95064 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1556-770X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul J.","family":"Ponganis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, Center for Marine Biodiversity and Biomedicine 5 , 8655 Kennel Way, La Jolla, CA 92037 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5028-066X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Birgitte I.","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, San Jose State University 1 , 8272 Moss Landing Rd, Moss Landing, CA 95039 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023073108533363000_JEB246059C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2014","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2014.2120","article-title":"The foraging benefits of being fat in a highly migratory marine mammal","volume":"281","author":"Adachi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. 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