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Furthermore, studies on free-diving animals and controlled experiments in trained animals both indicate that the dive response can be conditioned, such that the reduction in heart rate begins before submergence and the extent of the reduction is set early in the dive. In addition, numerous species also experience an increase in heart rate and blood flow during ascent at the end of a dive, a phenomenon commonly called \u2018ascent tachycardia\u2019. Collectively, these data suggest that although the dive response is under autonomic control, many species can vary its magnitude depending on the length and type of the planned dive \u2013 an indication of a role for cognition in the overall physiological responses associated with diving. Here, we provide examples of the conditioned cardiac responses \u2013 including anticipatory changes in heart rate \u2013 in several diving species and propose potential underlying mechanisms. We also discuss how the anticipatory cardiovascular responses not only improve diving capacity, but also prevent diving-related problems, such as decompression sickness or barotrauma, through a mechanism described by the selective gas exchange hypothesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.246472","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T08:38:37Z","timestamp":1724402317000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The role of cognition as a factor regulating the diving responses of animals, including humans"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"227","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8675-6479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Fahlman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Oceanogr\u00e0fic 1 , Gran V\u0131a Marques del Turia 19, 46005 Valencia , Spain"},{"name":"Global Diving Research 2 , 11540 San Lucar de Barrameda , Spain"},{"name":"Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Link\u00f6ping University, 581 83 Link\u00f6ping 3 , Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8023-420X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Warren","family":"Burggren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas 4 Developmental Integrative Biology Group , , 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX 76203 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0866-7489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William K.","family":"Milsom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of British Columbia 5 Department of Zoology , , Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 , Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024082309402554200_JEB246472C1","first-page":"H867","article-title":"Hemodynamic regulation: investigation by spectral analysis","volume":"249","author":"Akselrod","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. 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