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For animals that can do so effectively, evaporative cooling will be used to dissipate body heat. Evaporative cooling is dependent directly on the water vapour pressure difference between the body surface and immediate surroundings, but only indirectly on relative humidity. High relative humidity at high air temperature implies a high water vapour pressure, but evaporation into air with 100% relative humidity is not impossible. Evaporation is enhanced by wind, but the wind speed reported by meteorological services is not that experienced by animals; instead, the wind, air temperature, humidity and radiation experienced is that of the animal's microclimate. In this Commentary, we discuss how microclimate should be quantified to ensure accurate assessment of an animal's thermal environment. We propose that the microclimate metric of dry heat load to which the biological responses of animals should be related is black-globe temperature measured on or near the animal, and not air temperature. Finally, when analysing those responses, the metric of humidity should be water vapour pressure, not relative humidity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.246481","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T06:14:52Z","timestamp":1719987292000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Measurement of microclimates in a warming world: problems and solutions"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"227","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8989-4773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duncan","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand 1 , Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg , South Africa"},{"name":"School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia 2 , Perth, WA 6009 , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5878-2266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shane K.","family":"Maloney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand 1 , Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg , South Africa"},{"name":"School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia 2 , Perth, WA 6009 , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8985-8737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward P.","family":"Snelling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand 1 , Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg , South Africa"},{"name":"University of Pretoria 3 Department of Anatomy and Physiology , and Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Research , , Pretoria 0110 , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5842-1041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vin\u00edcius de Fran\u00e7a","family":"Carvalho Fons\u00eaca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand 1 , Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg , South Africa"},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo State University 4 Animal Biometeorology Laboratory , , Jaboticabal, SP - CEP 01049-010 , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6370-8151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Fuller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand 1 , Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024070806554901400_JEB246481C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1080\/09593330.2021.1989057","article-title":"Outdoor performance of the black globe temperature sensor on a hot and humid tropical region","volume":"44","author":"Acero","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. 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