{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T08:15:56Z","timestamp":1780474556941,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.biologists.com\/user-licence-1-1\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007229","name":"Harvard University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007229","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["DGE1745303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGE1745303"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["093088-17158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["093088-17158"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000006","name":"Office of Naval Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["N00014-21-1-2210"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N00014-21-1-2210"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000006","name":"Office of Naval Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["N00014-15-1-2234"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N00014-15-1-2234"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000006","name":"Office of Naval Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["N000141410533"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N000141410533"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The vertebrate immune system provides an impressively effective defense against parasites and pathogens. However, these benefits must be balanced against a range of costly side-effects including energy loss and risks of auto-immunity. These costs might include biomechanical impairment of movement, but little is known about the intersection between immunity and biomechanics. Here, we show that a fibrosis immune response to Schistocephalus solidus infection in freshwater threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) has collateral effects on their locomotion. Although fibrosis is effective at reducing infection, some populations of stickleback actively suppress this immune response, possibly because the costs of fibrosis outweigh the benefits. We quantified the locomotor effects of the fibrosis immune response in the absence of parasites to investigate whether there are incidental costs of fibrosis that could help explain why some fish forego this effective defense. To do this, we induced fibrosis in stickleback and then tested their C-start escape performance. Additionally, we measured the severity of fibrosis, body stiffness and body curvature during the escape response. We were able to estimate performance costs of fibrosis by including these variables as intermediates in a structural equation model. This model revealed that among control fish without fibrosis, there is a performance cost associated with increased body stiffness. However, fish with fibrosis did not experience this cost but rather displayed increased performance with higher fibrosis severity. This result demonstrates that the adaptive landscape of immune responses can be complex with the potential for wide-reaching and unexpected fitness consequences.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.246684","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]],"date-time":"2023-11-10T05:10:24Z","timestamp":1699593024000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Locomotor effects of a fibrosis-based immune response in stickleback fish"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"226","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5926-4348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David G.","family":"Matthews","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard University 1 Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology , , Cambridge, MA 02138 , USA"},{"name":"Harvard University 2 Museum of Comparative Zoology , , Cambridge, MA 02138 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2770-787X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meghan F.","family":"Maciejewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 3 Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Behavior , , Champaign, IL 61820 , USA"},{"name":"University of Connecticut 4 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology , , Storrs, CT 06269 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5707-7242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Greta A.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard University 2 Museum of Comparative Zoology , , Cambridge, MA 02138 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0731-286X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George V.","family":"Lauder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard University 1 Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology , , Cambridge, MA 02138 , USA"},{"name":"Harvard University 2 Museum of Comparative Zoology , , Cambridge, MA 02138 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3148-6296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel I.","family":"Bolnick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Connecticut 4 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology , , Storrs, CT 06269 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023120509444761900_JEB246684C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2301","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.200.17.2301","article-title":"Experimental simulation of the thrust phases of fast-start swimming of fish","volume":"200","author":"Ahlborn","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. 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