{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T12:45:31Z","timestamp":1793709931191,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.biologists.com\/user-licence-1-1\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RGPIN 01029-2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN 01029-2015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["02404-2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02404-2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A fatigue-failure process is hypothesized to govern the development of tibial stress fractures, where bone damage is highly dependent on the peak strain magnitude. To date, much of the work examining tibial strain during running has ignored uphill and downhill running despite the prevalence of this terrain. This study examined the sensitivity of tibial strain to changes in running grade and speed using a combined musculoskeletal-finite element modelling routine. Seventeen participants ran on a treadmill at \u00b110, \u00b15 and 0\u00a0deg; at each grade, participants ran at 3.33\u2005m\u2005s\u22121 and at a grade-adjusted speed of 2.50 and 4.17\u2005m\u2005s\u22121 for uphill and downhill grades, respectively. Force and motion data were recorded in each grade and speed combination. Muscle and joint contact forces were estimated using inverse-dynamics-based static optimization. These forces were applied to a participant-adjusted finite element model of the tibia. None of the strain variables (50th and 95th percentile strain and strained volume \u22654000\u2005\u03bc\u03b5) differed as a function of running grade; however, all strain variables were sensitive to running speed (F1\u22659.59, P\u22640.03). In particular, a 1\u2005m\u2005s\u22121 increase in speed resulted in a 9% (\u223c260\u2005\u03bc\u03b5) and 155% (\u223c600\u2005mm3) increase in peak strain and strained volume, respectively. Overall, these findings suggest that faster running speeds, but not changes in running grade, may be more deleterious to the tibia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.246770","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]],"date-time":"2024-05-10T03:36:13Z","timestamp":1715312173000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Tibial strains are sensitive to speed perturbations, but not grade perturbations, during running"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"227","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2922-7757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Baggaley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Calgary 1 Faculty of Kinesiology , , 2500 University Dr. NW , Calgary , AB , Canada , T2N 1N4"},{"name":"McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary 2 , 3280 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB , Canada , T2N 4Z6"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6445-7291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ifaz","family":"Haider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Calgary 1 Faculty of Kinesiology , , 2500 University Dr. NW , Calgary , AB , Canada , T2N 1N4"},{"name":"McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary 2 , 3280 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB , Canada , T2N 4Z6"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2651-626X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivia","family":"Bruce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Calgary 1 Faculty of Kinesiology , , 2500 University Dr. NW , Calgary , AB , Canada , T2N 1N4"},{"name":"McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary 2 , 3280 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB , Canada , T2N 4Z6"},{"name":"Stanford University 3 Department of Radiology , , 300 Pasteur Dr., Stanford, CA 94305 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1945-1226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arash","family":"Khassetarash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Calgary 1 Faculty of Kinesiology , , 2500 University Dr. NW , Calgary , AB , Canada , T2N 1N4"},{"name":"McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary 2 , 3280 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB , Canada , T2N 4Z6"},{"name":"Canadian Sport Institute 4 , 151 Canada Olympic Road, Calgary, AB , Canada , T3B 6B7"},{"name":"Vancouver Island University 5 Department of Education and Kinesiology , , 900 Fifth St, Nanaimo, BC , Canada , V9R 5S5"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3623-9764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"W. 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