{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T10:19:26Z","timestamp":1771237166674,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["IOS-1930886"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IOS-1930886"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Birds commonly exploit environmental features such as columns of rising air and vertical windspeed gradients to lower the cost of flight. These environmental subsidies may be especially important for birds that forage via continuous flight, as seen in black skimmers. These birds forage through a unique behavior, called skimming, where they fly above the water surface with their mandible lowered into the water, catching fish on contact. Thus, their foraging flight incurs costs of moving through both air and water. Prior studies of black skimmer flight behavior have focused on reductions in flight cost due to ground effect, but ignored potential beneficial interactions with the surrounding air. We hypothesized a halfpipe skimming strategy for skimmers to reduce the foraging cost by taking advantage of the wind gradient, where the skimmers perform a wind gradient energy extraction maneuver at the end of a skimming bout through a foraging patch. Using video recordings, wind speed and wind direction measurements, we recorded 70 bird tracks over 4\u00a0days at two field sites on the North Carolina coast. We found that while ascending, the skimmers flew more upwind and then flew more downwind when descending, a pattern consistent with harvesting energy from the wind gradient. The strength of the wind gradient and flight behavior of the skimmers indicate that the halfpipe skimming strategy could reduce foraging cost by up to 2.5%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.246855","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]],"date-time":"2024-07-26T14:36:29Z","timestamp":1722004589000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Wind gradient exploitation during foraging flights by black skimmers (<i>Rynchops niger<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"227","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8973-6010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura X.","family":"Mendez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Department of Biology , , Chapel Hill, NC 27599 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6573-9602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tyson L.","family":"Hedrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Department of Biology , , Chapel Hill, NC 27599 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024082209065713500_JEB246855C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.198.7.1567","article-title":"Hydroplaning by ducklings: overcoming limitations to swimming at the water surface","volume":"198","author":"Aigeldinger","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. 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Phys."},{"key":"2024082209065713500_JEB246855C12","unstructured":"Furfey, B. C.\n           (2014). The reproductive and foraging ecology of Black Skimmers (Rynchops niger) on a barrier Island refuge in coastal Louisiana. MS thesis, Arkansas State University."},{"key":"2024082209065713500_JEB246855C13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.114140","article-title":"Aquatic burst locomotion by hydroplaning and paddling in common eiders (Somateria mollissima)","volume":"218","author":"Gough","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2024082209065713500_JEB246855C14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.3354\/esr00223","article-title":"Energetic consequences of plunge diving in gannets","volume":"10","author":"Green","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endanger. 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