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As the evolution of soft tissues can hardly be studied, we have to rely on comparative embryology, supported heavily by genetic and molecular approaches. These techniques provide insight into relationships, not only between species, but also between cell populations, signaling mechanisms, molecular interactions and physical factors such as hemodynamics. Heart development depends on differentiation of a mesodermal cell population that \u2013 in more derived taxa \u2013 continues in segmentation of the first and second heart field. These fields deliver not only the cardiomyocytes, forming the three-dimensionally looping cardiac tube as a basis for the chambered heart, but also the enveloping epicardium. The synchronized beating of the heart is then organized by the conduction system. In this Review, the epicardium is introduced as an important player in cardiac differentiation, including the conduction system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.247628","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]],"date-time":"2024-11-01T09:01:44Z","timestamp":1730451704000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Evolution and development of the conduction system in the vertebrate heart: a role for hemodynamics and the epicardium"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"227","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9684-3007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert E.","family":"Poelmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology Leiden, University of Leiden, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden 1 ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden 2 Department of Cardiology , ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025012914011060300_JEB247628C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.108.192450","article-title":"The Tbx2+ primary myocardium of the atrioventricular canal forms the atrioventricular node and the base of the left atrium","volume":"104","author":"Aanhaanen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circ. 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