{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T14:50:45Z","timestamp":1791298245236,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["IOS-2038528"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IOS-2038528"]}]},{"name":"Human Frontier Science Program","award":["RGY0073\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGY0073\/2020"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005595","name":"University of California","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The jaw muscles of the southern alligator lizard, Elgaria multicarinata, are used in prolonged mate-holding behavior, and also to catch fast prey. In both males and females, these muscles exhibit an unusual type of high endurance known as sustained force in which contractile force does not return to baseline between subsequent contractions. This phenomenon is assumed to facilitate the prolonged mate-holding observed in this species. Skeletal muscle is often subject to a speed\u2013endurance trade-off. Here, we determined the isometric twitch, tetanic and isotonic force\u2013velocity properties of the jaw muscles at \u223c24\u00b0C as metrics of contractile speed and compared these properties with a more typical thigh locomotory muscle to determine whether endurance by sustained force allows for circumvention of the speed\u2013endurance trade-off. The specialized jaw muscle was generally slower than the more typical thigh muscle: time to peak twitch force, twitch 90% relaxation time (P&amp;lt;0.01), and tetanic 90% and 50% relaxation times (P&amp;lt;0.001) were significantly longer, and force\u2013velocity properties were significantly slower (P&amp;lt;0.001) in the jaw than the thigh muscle. However, there seemed to be greater effects on relaxation rates and shortening velocity than on force rise times: there was no effect of muscle on time to peak, or 50% of tetanic force. Hence, the jaw muscle of the southern alligator lizard does not seem to circumvent the speed\u2013endurance trade-off. However, the maintenance of force rise times despite slow relaxation, potentially enabled by the presence of hybrid fibers, may allow this muscle to meet the functional demand of prey capture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.247979","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T08:22:30Z","timestamp":1734510150000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Does the unusual phenomenon of sustained force circumvent the speed\u2013endurance trade-off in the jaw muscle of the southern alligator lizard (<i>Elgaria multicarinata<\/i>)?"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"228","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0006-3565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allyn","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Riverside Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology Department , , Riverside, CA 92521 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyle","family":"Leong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Riverside Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology Department , , Riverside, CA 92521 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie C.","family":"Holt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Riverside Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology Department , , Riverside, CA 92521 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025012709325945200_JEB247979C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1402450302","article-title":"The physiological basis of slow locomotion in chamaeleons","volume":"245","author":"Abu-Ghalyun","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. 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