{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T16:26:50Z","timestamp":1787243210165,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,15]],"date-time":"2025-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741996800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.biologists.com\/user-licence-1-1\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000936","name":"Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["8835"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8835"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000936","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000006","name":"Office of Naval Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["N00014-23-1-2171"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N00014-23-1-2171"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Salps are marine pelagic tunicates with a complex life cycle including a solitary and colonial stage. Salp colonies are composed of asexually budded individuals that coordinate their swimming by multi-jet propulsion. Colonies develop into species-specific architectures with distinct zooid orientations. These distinct colonial architectures vary in how frontal area scales with the number of zooids in the colony. Here, we address how differences in frontal area drive differences in swimming speed and the relationship between swimming speed and cost of transport in salps. We (1) compared swimming speed across salp species and architectures, (2) evaluated how swimming speed scales with the number of zooids across colony in architectures, and (3) compared the metabolic cost of transport across species and how it scales with swimming speed. To measure swimming speeds, we recorded swimming salp colonies using in situ videography while SCUBA diving in the open ocean. To estimate the cost of transport, we measured the respiration rates of swimming and anesthetized salps collected in situ using jars equipped with non-invasive oxygen sensors. We found that linear colonies swim faster, which supports the idea that their differential advantage in frontal area scales with an increasing number of zooids. We also found that higher swimming speeds predict lower costs of transport in salps. These findings underscore the importance of considering propeller arrangement to optimize speed and energy efficiency in bioinspired underwater vehicle design, leveraging lessons learned from the diverse natural laboratory provided by salp diversity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.249465","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T04:10:17Z","timestamp":1740456617000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Colonial architecture modulates the speed and efficiency of multi-jet swimming in salp colonies"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"228","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2544-0489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Damian-Serrano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ecology and Evolution 1 , Department of Biology , , 473 Onyx Bridge, 5289 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-5289 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"University of Oregon 1 , Department of Biology , , 473 Onyx Bridge, 5289 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-5289 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai A.","family":"Walton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ecology and Evolution 1 , Department of Biology , , 473 Onyx Bridge, 5289 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-5289 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"University of Oregon 1 , Department of Biology , , 473 Onyx Bridge, 5289 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-5289 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anneliese","family":"Bishop-Perdue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ecology and Evolution 1 , Department of Biology , , 473 Onyx Bridge, 5289 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-5289 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"University of Oregon 1 , Department of Biology , , 473 Onyx Bridge, 5289 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-5289 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Bagoye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ecology and Evolution 1 , Department of Biology , , 473 Onyx Bridge, 5289 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-5289 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"University of Oregon 1 , Department of Biology , , 473 Onyx Bridge, 5289 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-5289 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3017-7777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin T.","family":"Du Clos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium 2 , 8124 Highway 56, Chauvin, LA 70344 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9031-6591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bradford J.","family":"Gemmell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Florida 3 Department of Integrative Biology , , 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL 33620 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4463-5588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sean P.","family":"Colin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Roger Williams University 4 Marine Biology and Environmental Science , , Bristol, RI 02809 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Whitman Center 5 , Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6967-3145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John H.","family":"Costello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Providence College 6 Biology Department , , Providence, RI 02918 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6832-6515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelly R.","family":"Sutherland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ecology and Evolution 1 , Department of Biology , , 473 Onyx Bridge, 5289 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-5289 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"University of Oregon 1 , Department of Biology , , 473 Onyx Bridge, 5289 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-5289 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025032808352557100_JEB249465C2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-marine-122414-034144","article-title":"Characteristic sizes of life in the oceans, from bacteria to whales","volume":"8","author":"Andersen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"2025032808352557100_JEB249465C3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1086\/344413","article-title":"Integrating historical and mechanistic biology enhances the study of adaptation","volume":"77","author":"Autumn","year":"2002","journal-title":"Q Rev. Biol."},{"key":"2025032808352557100_JEB249465C4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"016005","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3190\/ab57e4","article-title":"Dynamics of a squid-inspired swimmer in free swimming","volume":"15","author":"Bi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioinspir. Biomim."},{"key":"2025032808352557100_JEB249465C5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101903","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0126809","article-title":"Feasibility of hydrodynamically activated valves for salp-like propulsion","volume":"34","author":"Bi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"2025032808352557100_JEB249465C6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1977.22.1.0108","article-title":"Respiration and ammonium excretion by open ocean gelatinous zooplankton 1","volume":"22","author":"Biggs","year":"1977","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"2025032808352557100_JEB249465C7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1983.tb05071.x","article-title":"Jet propulsion in salps (Tunicata: Thaliacea)","volume":"201","author":"Bone","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Zool."},{"key":"2025032808352557100_JEB249465C8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1980.0152","article-title":"Morphology of salp chain communication","volume":"210","author":"Bone","year":"1980","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. 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Design of a finless torpedo-shaped micro AUV with high maneuverability","volume-title":"OCEANS 2017-Anchorage","author":"Chao","year":"2017"},{"key":"2025032808352557100_JEB249465C11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17504\/protocols.io.kxygxz4ykv8j\/v2","article-title":"In situ high-speed brightfield imaging for studies of aquatic organisms","author":"Colin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Protocols.io"},{"key":"2025032808352557100_JEB249465C12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8158","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9158","article-title":"Multi-jet propulsion organized by clonal development in a colonial siphonophore","volume":"6","author":"Costello","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. 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Plankton Res."},{"key":"2025032808352557100_JEB249465C26","unstructured":"Krummel, G. M.\n           (2019). Locomotion and control of cnidarian-inspired robots. PhD dissertation, Virginia Tech."},{"key":"2025032808352557100_JEB249465C27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1986.0032","article-title":"From aggregates to integrates: physiological aspects of modularity in colonial animals","volume":"313","author":"Mackie","year":"1986","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"2025032808352557100_JEB249465C28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1139\/z90-111","article-title":"Aspects of jet propulsion in salps","volume":"68","author":"Madin","year":"1990","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"key":"2025032808352557100_JEB249465C30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1093\/plankt\/18.5.747","article-title":"Distribution and vertical migration of salps (Tunicata, Thaliacea) near Bermuda","volume":"18","author":"Madin","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Plankton Res."},{"key":"2025032808352557100_JEB249465C31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr.2005.12.018","article-title":"Periodic swarms of the salp Salpa aspera in the Slope Water off the NE United States: Biovolume, vertical migration, grazing, and vertical flux","volume":"53","author":"Madin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. Part I Oceanogr. Res. Papers"},{"key":"2025032808352557100_JEB249465C32","unstructured":"Marut, K. J.\n           (2014). Underwater robotic propulsors inspired by jetting jellyfish. PhD dissertation,Virginia Tech."},{"key":"2025032808352557100_JEB249465C33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2005.50.1.0291","article-title":"Respiration in marine zooplankton\u2014the other side of the coin: CO2 production","volume":"50","author":"Mayzaud","year":"2005","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"2025032808352557100_JEB249465C34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2005.10.022","article-title":"Pulsatile vortex generators for low-speed maneuvering of small 482 underwater vehicles","volume":"33","author":"Mohensi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"2025032808352557100_JEB249465C35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1093\/plankt\/fbx043","article-title":"Contrasting diel vertical migration patterns in Salpa fusiformis populations","volume":"39","author":"Pascual","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Plankton Res."},{"key":"2025032808352557100_JEB249465C36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1093\/cz\/zoaa013","article-title":"Size-related effects and the influence of metabolic traits and morphology on swimming performance in fish","volume":"66","author":"Rubio-Gracia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Zool."},{"key":"2025032808352557100_JEB249465C37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02367205","article-title":"A comparison of carbon-specific respiration rates in gelatinous and non-gelatinous zooplankton: a search for general rules in zooplankton metabolism","volume":"46","author":"Schneider","year":"1992","journal-title":"Helgol\u00e4nder Meeresuntersuchungen"},{"key":"2025032808352557100_JEB249465C38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2007.2101","article-title":"The rate of metabolism in marine animals: environmental constraints, ecological demands and energetic opportunities","volume":"362","author":"Seibel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. 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Plankton Res."},{"key":"2025032808352557100_JEB249465C45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.110.1.323","article-title":"Oxygen consumption in swimming salps (Tunicata: Thaliacea)","volume":"110","author":"Trueman","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2025032808352557100_JEB249465C46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syy031","article-title":"Rethinking phylogenetic comparative methods","volume":"67","author":"Uyeda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Syst. 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Robot Syst."}],"container-title":["Journal of Experimental Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1242\/jeb.249465\/3636304\/jeb249465.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1242\/jeb.249465\/3641453\/jeb249465.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1242\/jeb.249465\/3641453\/jeb249465.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T08:39:27Z","timestamp":1743151167000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article\/228\/6\/jeb249465\/367536\/Colonial-architecture-modulates-the-speed-and"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,15]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jeb.249465","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2024.04.18.590155","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0022-0949","1477-9145"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0949","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-9145","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,15]]},"article-number":"jeb249465"}}