{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T23:27:15Z","timestamp":1785540435598,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,15]],"date-time":"2025-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741996800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.biologists.com\/user-licence-1-1\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Biodiversa+"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["101052342"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101052342"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Procellariforms are the most oceanic among birds, regularly embarking on the longest journeys in the animal kingdom to find food over an apparently featureless sea surface. To minimize energy expenditure, many species harness wind energy through dynamic soaring, extracting kinetic energy from the wind shear. The smallest members of this order, storm petrels, have functional traits that prevent this type of locomotion, and are predicted to rely on flapping flight despite their high motility. However, theoretical predictions have never been validated and their flight strategy and activity budgets are unclear. We hypothesized that, as the benefits of dynamic soaring are out of reach, these birds should rely on gliding to some extent to sustain their long-ranging movements and save energy. To test our hypothesis we used, for the first time, miniaturized inertial measurement units on one of the world's smallest seabirds, the Mediterranean storm petrel (Hydrobates pelagicus melitensis). We demonstrate that these small seafarers spend 78% of the time flying during their foraging trips, with wingbeat frequencies up to 15\u2005Hz. During transiting flight, they flap their wings at high frequency (mean\u00b1s.d.: 8.8\u00b10.8\u2005Hz) for 91% of the time, gliding sporadically and only for an instant (mean\u00b1s.d.: 0.11\u00b10.17\u2005s). Flight activity was high during the night and early morning, while they rested on the sea in the central hours of the day. Overall, our results reveal a peculiar locomotory strategy among procellariforms and raise questions about how they can energetically sustain foraging trips spanning hundreds of kilometres.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.249719","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T08:53:26Z","timestamp":1739350406000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Flight style and time\u2013activity budgets of the smallest petrels"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"228","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1414-7770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"De Pascalis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Area Avifauna Migratrice, Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA) 1 , 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7711-9398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Gr\u00e9millet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEFE, Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD 2 , 34090 Montpellier ,","place":["France"]},{"name":"FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology 3 , Department of Biological Sciences , , Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town ,","place":["South Africa"]},{"name":"University of Cape Town 3 , Department of Biological Sciences , , Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town ,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Benvenuti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ornis Italica 4 , 00199 Rome ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1584-2433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Ventura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 5 , Woods Hole, MA 02543-1050 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7689-4328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeria","family":"Jennings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ornis Italica 4 , 00199 Rome ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2703-5783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Rubolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences and Policy, University of Milan 6 , 20133 Milan ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche \u2013 Istituto di Ricerca sulle Acque (CNR-IRSA) 7 , 20861 Brugherio ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4925-2730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacopo G.","family":"Cecere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Area Avifauna Migratrice, Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA) 1 , 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025032808512512300_JEB249719C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1993.0048","article-title":"Flight tracks and speeds of Antarctic and Atlantic seabirds: radar and optical measurements","volume":"340","author":"Alerstam","year":"1993","journal-title":"Philos. 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