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This Commentary sets out to frame the current state of our understanding, highlighting unresolved issues and proposing where experimental approaches can be applied to address these questions. Furthermore, we explore in depth the tantalizing evolutionary and physiological puzzle of repeated loss of gastric function in fishes. In this way, we hope to help clarify the role of the gastric proton pump and stomach acidification in digestion, metabolism and growth in vertebrates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.250054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T07:25:57Z","timestamp":1751354757000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A second look at the stomach \u2013 a fishy perspective"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"228","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6132-1356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia G.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wilfrid Laurier University 1 Department of Biology , , Waterloo, ON, N2L 3C5 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7697-386X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L. Filipe C.","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR University of Porto 2 , 4450-208 Matosinhos ,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto 3 Department of Biology , , 4169-007 Porto ,","place":["Portugal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3681-1166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan M.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wilfrid Laurier University 1 Department of Biology , , Waterloo, ON, N2L 3C5 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025070103255174800_JEB250054C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.09.005","article-title":"Novel detection of Helicobacter pylori in fish: a possible public health concern","volume":"152","author":"Abdel-Moein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta. 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