{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T23:12:49Z","timestamp":1790809969939,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.biologists.com\/user-licence-1-1\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004796","name":"Institut Polaire Fran\u00e7ais Paul Emile Victor","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["394"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["394"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004796","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004796","name":"Institut Polaire Fran\u00e7ais Paul Emile Victor","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["137"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["137"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004796","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011001","name":"Terres Australes et Antarctiques Fran\u00e7aises","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003768","name":"University of Strasbourg","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003768","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004794","name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["SEE-Life SLT-CHBOST"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SEE-Life SLT-CHBOST"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004794","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Zone Atelier de Recherches sur l'Environnement Antarctique et Subantarctique"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The king penguin is one of the champion avian divers, surpassed only by its larger relative, the emperor penguin. The foraging ecology of king penguins is typically studied during the austral summer, when foraging trips are relatively short (weeks). Consequently, little is known about the autumn\u2013winter period, when birds undertake long foraging trips (months) and the descent of their preferred prey to greater depth might challenge their dive capacity. Investigating the dive behaviour of seven king penguins from the Crozet Islands during autumn\u2013winter, we found that birds conducted deeper and longer dives during this period. Most birds exceeded the previous depth and duration records but the deepest (424.5\u2005m) and longest (10\u2005min) dives were conducted by the same individual. These dives are the deepest and longest yet reported for king penguins and illustrate their ability to respond to seasonal changes by enhancing their dive capacity, likely through gradual acclimatization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.250184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]],"date-time":"2025-04-03T12:09:03Z","timestamp":1743682143000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Exploring new depths: king penguins break dive records during the austral winter"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"228","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2924-8411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u00eblle","family":"Oberlin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178 1 , F-67000 Strasbourg ,","place":["France"]},{"name":"Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chiz\u00e9, CNRS, UMR 7372 2 , 79360 Villiers en Bois ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5080-626X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manfred R.","family":"Enstipp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178 1 , F-67000 Strasbourg ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0149-6477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9line","family":"Le Bohec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178 1 , F-67000 Strasbourg ,","place":["France"]},{"name":"Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionelle & Evolutive, CNRS UMR5175 3 , 34293 Montpellier 5 ,","place":["France"]},{"name":"Centre Scientifique de Monaco 4 , D\u00e9partement de Biologie Polaire, MC 98000 ,","place":["Monaco"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Dardel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178 1 , F-67000 Strasbourg ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5259-9073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles-Andr\u00e9","family":"Bost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chiz\u00e9, CNRS, UMR 7372 2 , 79360 Villiers en Bois ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4478-5562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yves","family":"Handrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178 1 , F-67000 Strasbourg ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025040804163001700_JEB250184C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.194.1.83","article-title":"Hydrodynamic aspects of design and attachment of a back-mounted device in penguins","volume":"194","author":"Bannasch","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2025040804163001700_JEB250184C2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.14187","article-title":"RFIDeep: Unfolding the potential of deep learning for radio- frequency identification","volume":"14","author":"Bardon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"2025040804163001700_JEB250184C3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3354\/meps150021","article-title":"Foraging habitat and food intake of satellite-tracked king penguins during the austral summer at Crozet Archipelago","volume":"150","author":"Bost","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"2025040804163001700_JEB250184C4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr2.2006.11.007","article-title":"Changes in dive profiles as an indicator of feeding success in king and Ad\u00e9lie penguins","volume":"54","author":"Bost","year":"2007","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr."},{"key":"2025040804163001700_JEB250184C5","first-page":"7","article-title":"The king penguin: life history, current status and priority conservation actions","volume-title":"Penguins: Natural History and Conservation (ed. P. G. Borboroglu and P. D. Boersma)","author":"Bost","year":"2013"},{"key":"2025040804163001700_JEB250184C6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"jeb159087","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.159087","article-title":"Increased mitochondrial energy efficiency in skeletal muscle after long-term fasting. Its relevance to animal performance","volume":"220","author":"Bourguignon","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2025040804163001700_JEB250184C7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.3354\/meps221285","article-title":"Utilisation of the oceanic habitat by king penguins over the annual cycle","volume":"221","author":"Charrassin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"2025040804163001700_JEB250184C8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1007\/s004420050436","article-title":"Foraging strategies of incubating and brooding king penguins Aptenodytes patagonicus","volume":"114","author":"Charrassin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"2025040804163001700_JEB250184C9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1007\/s00227-002-0843-4","article-title":"Seasonal changes in the diving parameters of king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus)","volume":"141","author":"Charrassin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mar. Biol."},{"key":"2025040804163001700_JEB250184C10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00239060","article-title":"Nutrient reserve storage, energetics, and food consumption during the prebreeding and premoulting foraging periods of king penguins","volume":"15","author":"Cherel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Polar Biol."},{"key":"2025040804163001700_JEB250184C11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00351323","article-title":"Fish and squid in the diet of king penguin chicks, Aptenodytes patagonicus, during winter at sub-Antarctic Crozet Islands","volume":"126","author":"Cherel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mar. Biol."},{"key":"2025040804163001700_JEB250184C12","first-page":"461","article-title":"Seasonality in the Antarctic marine environment","volume":"90","author":"Clarke","year":"1988","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A"},{"key":"2025040804163001700_JEB250184C13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1086\/physzool.68.6.30163797","article-title":"Thermal conductance in aquatic birds in relation to the degree of water contact, body mass, and body fat: energetic implications of living in a strong cooling environment","volume":"68","author":"de Vries","year":"1995","journal-title":"Physiol. Zool."},{"key":"2025040804163001700_JEB250184C14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2666","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.160143","article-title":"Apparent changes in body insulation of juvenile king penguins suggest an energetic challenge during their early life at sea","volume":"220","author":"Enstipp","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2025040804163001700_JEB250184C15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"jeb242512","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.242512","article-title":"The early life of king penguins: ontogeny of dive capacity and foraging behaviour in an expert diver","volume":"224","author":"Enstipp","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2025040804163001700_JEB250184C16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3573","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.023655","article-title":"Metabolic costs of foraging and the management of O2 and CO2 stores in Steller sea lions","volume":"211","author":"Fahlman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2025040804163001700_JEB250184C17","first-page":"191","article-title":"The distribution of the standing crop of zooplankton in the Southern Ocean","volume":"28","author":"Foxton","year":"1956","journal-title":"Discov. Rep."},{"key":"2025040804163001700_JEB250184C18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3917","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.01232","article-title":"Heart rate and energetics of free-ranging king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus)","volume":"207","author":"Froget","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2025040804163001700_JEB250184C19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.3354\/meps12486","article-title":"Habitat preference and dive behavior of non\u2013breeding emperor penguins in the eastern Ross Sea, Antarctica","volume":"593","author":"Goetz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"2025040804163001700_JEB250184C20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1007\/s00300-007-0257-3","article-title":"A thorough and quantified method for classifying seabird diving behaviour","volume":"30","author":"Halsey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Polar Biol."},{"key":"2025040804163001700_JEB250184C21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.3354\/meps06896","article-title":"Fine-scale analyses of diving energetics in king penguins Aptenodytes patagonicus: how behaviour affects costs of a foraging dive","volume":"344","author":"Halsey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"2025040804163001700_JEB250184C22","first-page":"73","article-title":"Breeding penguins as indicators of marine resources: a study with minimal human disturbance","volume-title":"The Penguins: Ecology and Management","author":"Handrich","year":"1995"},{"key":"2025040804163001700_JEB250184C23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1038\/40392","article-title":"Hypothermia in foraging king penguins","volume":"388","author":"Handrich","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025040804163001700_JEB250184C24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3874","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.044057","article-title":"Measuring foraging activity in a deep-diving bird: comparing wiggles, oesophageal temperatures and beak-opening angles as proxies of feeding","volume":"213","author":"Hanuise","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2025040804163001700_JEB250184C25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-83602-2","volume-title":"Diverse Divers: Physiology and Behavior","author":"Kooyman","year":"1989"},{"key":"2025040804163001700_JEB250184C26","first-page":"337","author":"Kozlov","year":"1991"},{"key":"2025040804163001700_JEB250184C27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1121\/1.421275","article-title":"Depth-pressure relationships in the oceans and seas","volume":"103","author":"Leroy","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2025040804163001700_JEB250184C28","author":"McCullagh","year":"1989"},{"key":"2025040804163001700_JEB250184C29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"jeb104505","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.104505","article-title":"Mitochondrial phenotypic flexibility enhances energy savings during winter fast in king penguin chicks","volume":"217","author":"Monternier","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2025040804163001700_JEB250184C30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s003600000161","article-title":"The development of diving in marine endotherms: preparing the skeletal muscles of dolphins, penguins, and seals for activity during submergence","volume":"171","author":"Noren","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. B"},{"key":"2025040804163001700_JEB250184C31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139045490","volume-title":"Diving Physiology of Marine Mammals and Seabirds","author":"Ponganis","year":"2015","edition":"1st edn"},{"key":"2025040804163001700_JEB250184C32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.3354\/ab00216","article-title":"Oxygen store depletion and the aerobic dive limit in emperor penguins","volume":"8","author":"Ponganis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aquat. Biol."},{"key":"2025040804163001700_JEB250184C33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3325","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.031252","article-title":"In pursuit of Irving and Scholander: a review of oxygen store management in seals and penguins","volume":"214","author":"Ponganis","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2025040804163001700_JEB250184C34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s00227-005-1577-x","article-title":"The diving behaviour of brooding king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) from the Falkland Islands: variation in dive profiles and synchronous underwater swimming provide new insights into their foraging strategies","volume":"147","author":"P\u00fctz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mar. Biol."},{"key":"2025040804163001700_JEB250184C35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(1998)079[1905:FSOKPA]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Foraging strategy of king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) during summer at the Crozet Islands","volume":"79","author":"P\u00fctz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"2025040804163001700_JEB250184C36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2854","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.055723","article-title":"Stroke rates and diving air volumes of emperor penguins: implications for dive performance","volume":"214","author":"Sato","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2025040804163001700_JEB250184C37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(1981)011&lt;0573:PCOPTD&gt;2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Practical conversion of pressure to depth","volume":"11","author":"Saunders","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"2025040804163001700_JEB250184C38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R608","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00826.2005","article-title":"Changes in body temperatures in king penguins at sea: the result of fine adjustments in peripheral heat loss?","volume":"291","author":"Schmidt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"2025040804163001700_JEB250184C39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1139\/z97-044","article-title":"Allometry of diving capacity in air-breathing vertebrates","volume":"75","author":"Schreer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"key":"2025040804163001700_JEB250184C40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1007\/s00227-020-03711-z","article-title":"Behavioural adjustments during foraging in two diving seabirds: king and macaroni penguins","volume":"167","author":"Tessier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mar. Biol."},{"key":"2025040804163001700_JEB250184C41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s00300-006-0168-8","article-title":"Extreme dives by free-ranging emperor penguins","volume":"30","author":"Wienecke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Polar Biol."},{"key":"2025040804163001700_JEB250184C42","first-page":"101","article-title":"Long term attachment of transmitting and recording devices to penguins and other seabirds","volume":"25","author":"Wilson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Wildl. Soc. Bull"},{"key":"2025040804163001700_JEB250184C43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5193(89)80064-5","article-title":"Aerobiosis and anaerobiosis during diving by western grebes: an optimal foraging approach","volume":"139","author":"Ydenberg","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Experimental Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1242\/jeb.250184\/3642910\/jeb250184.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1242\/jeb.250184\/3642910\/jeb250184.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T08:34:49Z","timestamp":1744101289000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article\/228\/7\/jeb250184\/367591\/Exploring-new-depths-king-penguins-break-dive"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jeb.250184","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0949","1477-9145"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0949","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-9145","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"article-number":"jeb250184"}}