{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T10:03:37Z","timestamp":1779962617621,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001412","name":"Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["09\/0045(12304)\/2021-EMR-I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["09\/0045(12304)\/2021-EMR-I"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001412","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the reptilian immune response is strikingly limited despite their significant evolutionary placement between ectothermic anamniotes and endothermic amniotes. Hence, the current study attempted to understand the time kinetics of inflammatory pathways activated in immunostimulated splenic phagocytes of the wall lizard Hemidactylus flaviviridis. Our in vitro study revealed increased phagocytosis in splenic phagocytes at all time points (2, 8 and 12\u2005h) of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment. Further, qPCR analysis revealed LPS-induced modulation of immune-relevant genes in lizard splenic phagocytes. A biphasic increase in tlr4 mRNA was observed at 2\u2005h and 12\u2005h of LPS treatment along with increased tlr2 at all durations. Furthermore, in the early hours of LPS treatment, the expression of a signalling molecule (myd88) and transcription factors (nf\u03bab and ap1) was upregulated. In addition, splenic phagocytes cultured with LPS for 2\u2005h demonstrated increased expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine il1\u03b2 and antioxidant enzyme catalase genes with an inhibition of the anti-inflammatory cytokine tgf\u03b2 gene. While the heightened il1\u03b2 and catalase expression reached basal levels 8\u2005h post-LPS treatment, tgf\u03b2 expression returned to basal levels only after 12\u2005h. Further, the current study also examined the expression of arginase, a marker of cell repair, which was significantly higher than respective controls at all time durations of LPS treatment. However, its maximal expression at 12\u2005h is suggestive of increased cell repair activity during extended infection. Our results indicate activation of a pro-inflammatory and anti-oxidant response during the early hours of LPS exposure in splenic phagocytes, which dampens during later hours of bacterial challenge, raising the possibility of a shift to an anti-inflammatory and reparative response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.251033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T07:54:08Z","timestamp":1775548448000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Molecular mechanisms behind the temporal dynamics of LPS-induced inflammatory response in splenic phagocytes of the wall lizard\n                    <i>Hemidactylus flaviviridis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"229","author":[{"given":"Ananya","family":"Banerjee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Delhi 1 Department of Zoology , , New Delhi, Delhi 110007 ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4855-0687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mamta","family":"Tripathy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Delhi 1 Department of Zoology , , New Delhi, Delhi 110007 ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umesh","family":"Rai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Jammu 2 , Jammu Tawi, Jammu and Kashmir, 180006 ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026052805204392400_JEB251033C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2020.151549","article-title":"Autoradiography and inmmunolabeling suggests that lizard blastema contains arginase-positive M2-like macrophages that may support tail regeneration","volume":"231","author":"Alibardi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. 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