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This Review consolidates current insights into the molecular and neural mechanisms underlying CO2 and humidity detection in insects, with a focus on their roles in respiration, water balance and osmoregulation. It highlights case studies of context-dependent functions of these sensory systems in insect\u2013plant interactions and host-seeking behaviors of blood-feeding species. At broader spatial scales, the roles of CO2 and humidity detection are explored for orientation and long-distance navigation behaviors. With growing concerns for declining insect populations, changes to plant\u2013pollinator networks and range expansion of disease vectors, advancing research across biological levels is essential. Finally, the breakthroughs in single-cell and long-read sequencing technologies coupled with sophisticated behavioral tools should be leveraged to fill phylogenetic gaps, explore drivers of specialization, identify vulnerable populations and uncover mechanisms of resilience.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.251089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T09:05:56Z","timestamp":1770800756000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The CO2 and humidity senses of insects in a changing world"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"229","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7630-2687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ajinkya","family":"Dahake","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Princeton University Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology , , Princeton, NJ 08544 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026021104055266700_JEB251089C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0040124","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00401-24","article-title":"Low humidity enhances Zika virus infection and dissemination in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes","volume":"9","author":"Abu","year":"2024","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"2026021104055266700_JEB251089C2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1126\/science.161.3848.1346","article-title":"L-Lactic acid: a mosquito attractant isolated from humans","volume":"161","author":"Acree","year":"1968","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026021104055266700_JEB251089C3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2024.08.21.608847","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.08.21.608847","article-title":"Olfactory receptor coexpression and co-option in the dengue mosquito","author":"Adavi","year":"2024","journal-title":"bioRxivorg"},{"key":"2026021104055266700_JEB251089C4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09537","article-title":"Acid sensing by the Drosophila olfactory system","volume":"468","author":"Ai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026021104055266700_JEB251089C5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10741","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5419-12.2013","article-title":"Ionotropic glutamate receptors IR64a and IR8a form a functional odorant receptor complex in vivo in Drosophila","volume":"33","author":"Ai","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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