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However, such oxygen extractions and tidal volumes are greatly at odds with gas exchange in terrestrial mammals, and may, if incorrect, lead to severe overestimations of field metabolic rate (FMR) in wild animals when modeling oxygen uptake from respiration rates. Here, we tested the hypothesis that bottlenose dolphins have such high average oxygen extractions and tidal volumes. By measuring oxygen extractions and tidal volumes of &amp;gt;2000 breaths before and after a 2\u00a0min apnea bout in three trained bottlenose dolphins, we show that average pre-apnea resting oxygen extractions are between 17% and 25%, less than half of what has historically been reported for cetaceans. Following apnea, initial oxygen extractions are high (\u223c60%) but drop below pre-apnea levels in 11\u201320 breaths. Tidal volumes in this experimental setting were between 21% and 37% of vital capacity, consistent with recent findings for marine mammals, but less than half the 60\u201380% often assumed for cetaceans in FMR modeling. We therefore reject the hypothesis that bottlenose dolphins on average employ high oxygen extractions and high tidal volumes at rest and following short apneas. Consequently, using fixed high values for tidal volumes and oxygen extractions when modeling FMR from breathing rates in wild cetaceans may possibly lead to overestimations of their energy expenditure, food requirements and ecological roles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.251176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T09:41:42Z","timestamp":1767606102000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Gas exchange dynamics in bottlenose dolphins around 2\u2005min apneas conform to values for terrestrial mammals"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"229","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6215-5097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael Bjerre","family":"Pedersen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aarhus University 1 Zoophysiology, Department of Biology , , 8000 Aarhus C ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6946-077X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maja V. N.","family":"Mikkelsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aarhus University 1 Zoophysiology, Department of Biology , , 8000 Aarhus C ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8776-3606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frants H.","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aarhus University 2 Department of Ecoscience , , 4000 Roskilde ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5208-5259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter Teglberg","family":"Madsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aarhus University 1 Zoophysiology, Department of Biology , , 8000 Aarhus C ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3460-1819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hans","family":"Malte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aarhus University 1 Zoophysiology, Department of Biology , , 8000 Aarhus C ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020505422548700_JEB251176C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"jeb243121","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.243121","article-title":"Dynamic body acceleration as a proxy to predict the cost of locomotion in bottlenose dolphins","volume":"225","author":"Allen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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