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Noise that overlaps in time and frequency with animal communication signals can interfere with communication and thus impact ecological functions mediated by acoustic signals, depending on how animals compensate for increasing noise. Our study investigated Lombard responses in long-finned pilot whales using sound and movement recording tags in an area with high anthropogenic pressure, the Strait of Gibraltar. We tested if pilot whales increase their vocal amplitude in response to noise, and whether vocal compensation is signal or context specific. We analyzed 1336 calls from 18 individuals in small social groups of simultaneously tagged animals, allowing us to parse which individual emitted which call and how call output level depended on masking noise level. We found that pilot whales increase their call output level with 0.50\u00b10.04\u2005dB per 1\u2005dB increase in noise level to partially compensate for the effects of masking noise. Call type significantly influenced the Lombard response magnitude, with vocal compensation ranging from 0.11 to 0.87\u2005dB per 1\u2005dB increase in noise level, whereas animals exhibited similar Lombard responses for different dive contexts (non-foraging, deep dive descent and ascent). Our results indicate that pilot whales only compensate partially for increased noise levels, and that Lombard response magnitude depends on signal type. This emphasizes the need for understanding the ecological consequences of communication disruptions to ensure sustainable management of human activities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.251217","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T22:01:15Z","timestamp":1778191275000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Vocal compensation to noise in long-finned pilot whales (\n                    <i>Globicephala melas<\/i>\n                    )"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"229","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4322-7349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milou","family":"Hegeman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aarhus University 1 Department of Ecoscience , , 4000 Roskilde ,","place":["Denmark"]},{"name":"Link\u00f6ping University 2 Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology , , Olaus Magnus v\u00e4g, 583 30 Link\u00f6ping ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas B. W.","family":"Macfarlane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) 3 , Washington, DC 20009 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8441-8006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philippe","family":"Verborgh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Madeira Whale Museum 4 , 9200-031 Cani\u00e7al, Madeira ,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"CIRCE (Conservaci\u00f3n, Informaci\u00f3n y Estudio sobre Cet\u00e1ceos) 5 , Tarifa 11200 ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2984-6993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pauline","family":"Gauffier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Madeira Whale Museum 4 , 9200-031 Cani\u00e7al, Madeira ,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"CIRCE (Conservaci\u00f3n, Informaci\u00f3n y Estudio sobre Cet\u00e1ceos) 5 , Tarifa 11200 ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8674-6940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruth","family":"Esteban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIRCE (Conservaci\u00f3n, Informaci\u00f3n y Estudio sobre Cet\u00e1ceos) 5 , Tarifa 11200 ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Centro Oceanogr\u00e1fico de Canarias, Instituto Espa\u00f1ol de Oceanograf\u00eda (IEO-CSIC) 6 , 38180 San Andr\u00e9s, Santa Cruz de Tenerife,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2522-7933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renaud","family":"de Stephanis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIRCE (Conservaci\u00f3n, Informaci\u00f3n y Estudio sobre Cet\u00e1ceos) 5 , Tarifa 11200 ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8409-4790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter L.","family":"Tyack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of St Andrews 7 School of Biology , , St. Andrews, Fife KY16 8LB ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 8 Biology Department , , Woods Hole, MA 02543 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8776-3606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frants H.","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aarhus University 1 Department of Ecoscience , , 4000 Roskilde ,","place":["Denmark"]},{"name":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 8 Biology Department , , Woods Hole, MA 02543 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Syracuse University 9 Biology Department , , Syracuse, NY 13244 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior 10 Department for the Ecology of Animal Societies , , 78467 Konstanz ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026050718011017200_JEB251217C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-7692.2006.00044.x","article-title":"Does intense ship noise disrupt foraging in deep-diving cuvier's beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris)?","volume":"22","author":"Aguilar Soto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mar. 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