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To test whether the characteristics, organs and mechanisms of sound production differ across stages within a single species, we examined how larvae and pupae of Phyllosphingia dissimilis (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) produce sounds in response to simulated predator attacks via tactile stimulation. Laboratory experiments showed that final-instar larvae produce sound pulses (dominant frequency: 9.2\u201312.9\u2005kHz; sound pressure level: 50.2\u201362.4\u2005dB SPL) by expelling air through the pair of eighth abdominal (A8) spiracles, whereas pupae can produce sound pulses (3.8\u201321.6\u2005kHz; 42.0\u201353.5\u2005dB SPL) by forcing air through any of the spiracle pairs on the second to seventh abdominal segments (A2\u2013A7). Despite differences in spiracle involvement, both stages employ a similar air-forcing mechanism. While the larval mechanism is known from other hawkmoth species, this is the first report of sound production via airflow through abdominal spiracles in insect pupae.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.251346","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]],"date-time":"2025-12-07T23:01:48Z","timestamp":1765148508000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Sound production by hawkmoth larvae and pupae through abdominal spiracles"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"228","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9655-2189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shinji","family":"Sugiura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":", Kobe University 1 Graduate School of Agricultural Science , Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daichi","family":"Nakamori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":", Kobe University 1 Graduate School of Agricultural Science , Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kota","family":"Sakagami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":", Kobe University 1 Graduate School of Agricultural Science , Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2617-7766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takuma","family":"Takanashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute 2 Department of Forest Entomology , , 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120718014131700_JEB251346C1","first-page":"19","article-title":"The remarkable locomotory ability of Wiseana (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae) pupae: an adaptation to predation and environmental conditions?","volume":"54","author":"Atijegbe","year":"2020","journal-title":"W\u0113t\u0101"},{"key":"2025120718014131700_JEB251346C2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-6395.1983.tb00789.x","article-title":"Mechanisms of defensive stridulation in the bushcricket Mygalopsis marki Bailey (Copiphorini, Tettigoniidae)","volume":"64","author":"Bailey","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Zool."},{"key":"2025120718014131700_JEB251346C3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20130161","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2013.0161","article-title":"Hawkmoths produce anti-bat ultrasound","volume":"9","author":"Barber","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. 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