{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T09:17:40Z","timestamp":1772011060272,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"4","funder":[{"name":"Jagiellonian University","award":["06\/IDUB\/2019\/94"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["06\/IDUB\/2019\/94"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In this study, we present a modified running wheel system for assessing voluntary running in mice. The system employs a standard 14\u2005cm running wheel mounted on the shaft of an incremental photoelectric rotary encoder, which generates 400 pulses per revolution and supports speeds exceeding 83 revolutions per second, well above the requirements of experiments involving voluntary wheel running in mice. Unlike commonly used devices, the proposed system enables, for the first time, a comprehensive set of measurements: quantification of the period and depth of running speed pulsations; identification of the true instantaneous maximum running speed; detection of short rest periods (\u223c1\u2005s); detection of minor interactions with the wheel, such as entering or leaving without running; and determination of the dominant running direction (right\/left). This approach allows more precise characterization of running behavior, including maximum and average speed, and captures additional features such as preferred running direction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.251780","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T08:49:51Z","timestamp":1772009391000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Modified running wheel system: towards improvement of measurements of voluntary running performance in mice"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"229","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2746-2534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zenon","family":"Nieckarz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University 1 , ul. \u0141ojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krak\u00f3w ,","place":["Poland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3229-777X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Szczepaniec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University 1 , ul. \u0141ojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krak\u00f3w ,","place":["Poland"]},{"name":"INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso 2 , 67010 Assergi (AQ) ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1110-9522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Lasko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University 1 , ul. \u0141ojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krak\u00f3w ,","place":["Poland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1143-5590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jerzy A.","family":"Zoladz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jagiellonian University Medical College 3 Chair of Exercise Physiology and Muscle Bioenergetics, Faculty of Health Sciences , , ul. 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