{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T18:12:15Z","timestamp":1784225535818,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["DP250101953"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP250101953"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001774","name":"University of Sydney","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001774","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The energetic cost of animal movement has important ecological ramifications because it can comprise a large proportion of energy budgets. Understanding the mechanisms that determine energetic efficiency of locomotion (cost of transport; \u222bCoT) is important to estimate environmentally induced changes in movement patterns and energy allocation. We aimed to determine whether thyroid hormone and differences in morphology underlie individual differences in \u222bCoT in zebrafish (Danio rerio). We found that pharmacologically induced hypothyroidism increased \u222bCoT particularly at cooler temperatures (24\u00b0C cf. 30\u00b0C). Hypothyroid fish also had a lower critical swimming speed (Ucrit) and a reduced tailbeat amplitude overall, but increased amplitude at higher swimming speed. Tailbeat frequency increased with increasing speed, but hypothyroidism modulated these responses. Fineness ratio and cross-sectional area were unrelated to \u222bCoT. Our data indicate that \u222bCoT is embedded within the broader thyroid regulatory network, which renders efficiency of movement sensitive to environmental temperature changes and endocrine-disrupting pollution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.252605","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T07:02:42Z","timestamp":1784185362000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Thyroid hormone determines energy efficiency of locomotion in zebrafish (\n                    <i>Danio rerio<\/i>\n                    ) in a temperature-sensitive manner"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"229","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2319-2641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miki","family":"Jahn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sydney School of Life and Environmental Sciences, , Sydney, NSW 2006 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2281-9311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Seebacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sydney School of Life and Environmental Sciences, , Sydney, NSW 2006 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026071603023794600_JEB252605C42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.2009.02309.x","article-title":"Swimming in four goldfish Carassius auratus morphotypes: understanding functional design and performance employing artificially selected forms","volume":"75","author":"Blake","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Fish Biol."},{"key":"2026071603023794600_JEB252605C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icv082","article-title":"An individual-based simulation approach to the evolution of locomotor performance","volume":"55","author":"Cespedes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Integr. Comp. Biol."},{"key":"2026071603023794600_JEB252605C2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3420","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.02346","article-title":"Effect of temperature on maximum swimming speed and cost of transport in juvenile European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)","volume":"209","author":"Claireaux","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2026071603023794600_JEB252605C3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2888","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.141259","article-title":"Repeatability of locomotor performance and of morphology - locomotor performance relationships","volume":"219","author":"Conradsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2026071603023794600_JEB252605C4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.596585","article-title":"The role of the thyroid axis in fish","volume":"11","author":"Deal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"2026071603023794600_JEB252605C5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1093\/conphys\/coz078","article-title":"The effect of climate change on the escape kinematics and performance of fishes: implications for future predator\u2013prey interactions","volume":"7","author":"Domenici","year":"2019","journal-title":"Conserv. Physiol."},{"key":"2026071603023794600_JEB252605C6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2011.225235","article-title":"Different tests for a difference: how do we do research?","volume":"590","author":"Drummond","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"2026071603023794600_JEB252605C7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-026-00314-4","article-title":"The global plastics treaty can be saved - here's how to break the deadlock","volume":"650","author":"Einh\u00e4upl","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026071603023794600_JEB252605C8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v099.i15","article-title":"Permutation tests for regression, ANOVA, and comparison of signals: the permuco package","volume":"99","author":"Frossard","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"2026071603023794600_JEB252605C9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2019-0067","article-title":"The sarcoplasmic reticulum and SERCA: a nexus for muscular adaptive thermogenesis","volume":"45","author":"Gamu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"2026071603023794600_JEB252605C10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.2010.00161.x","article-title":"Excitation-transcription coupling in skeletal muscle: the molecular pathways of exercise","volume":"86","author":"Gundersen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Rev."},{"key":"2026071603023794600_JEB252605C11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-020-0251-4","article-title":"Skeletal muscle energy metabolism during exercise","volume":"2","author":"Hargreaves","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"2026071603023794600_JEB252605C12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.fp.2025.06.003","article-title":"Biomechanics and energetics of swimming","volume":"41","author":"Hawkins","year":"2025","journal-title":"Fish Physiol."},{"key":"2026071603023794600_JEB252605C13","article-title":"Energy allocation trade-offs in a changing world","author":"Jahn","year":"2025","journal-title":"PhD thesis"},{"key":"2026071603023794600_JEB252605C14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"jeb201400","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.201400","article-title":"Cost of transport is a repeatable trait but is not determined by mitochondrial efficiency in zebrafish (Danio rerio)","volume":"222","author":"Jahn","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2026071603023794600_JEB252605C15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20160233","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0233","article-title":"The role of physiological traits in assortment among and within fish shoals","volume":"372","author":"Killen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Philos. Trans R. Soc. B"},{"key":"2026071603023794600_JEB252605C16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2010.04.031","article-title":"A method for the analysis of six thyroid hormones in thyroid gland by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"878","author":"Kunisue","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Chromatography B"},{"key":"2026071603023794600_JEB252605C17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2022.02.016","article-title":"Elastic energy storage and the efficiency of movement","volume":"32","author":"Labonte","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"2026071603023794600_JEB252605C18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1093\/conphys\/coaa051","article-title":"Mismatched light and temperature cues disrupt locomotion and energetics via thyroid-dependent mechanisms","volume":"8","author":"LeRoy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Conserv. Physiol."},{"key":"2026071603023794600_JEB252605C19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20211601","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2021.1601","article-title":"Fishes regulate tail-beat kinematics to minimize speed-specific cost of transport","volume":"288","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"2026071603023794600_JEB252605C20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119581","article-title":"Environmental pollutants as emerging disruptors of thyroid function: Mechanisms and early-life risks","volume":"309","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"2026071603023794600_JEB252605C21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2022.04.073","article-title":"Fish swimming efficiency","volume":"32","author":"Liao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"2026071603023794600_JEB252605C22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111285","article-title":"Thyroid hormone regulation of thermal acclimation in ectotherms: Physiological mechanisms and ecoevolutionary implications","volume":"530","author":"Little","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"2026071603023794600_JEB252605C41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3514","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.089136","article-title":"Thyroid hormone regulates muscle function during cold acclimation in zebrafish (Danio rerio)","volume":"216","author":"Little","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2026071603023794600_JEB252605C23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7007-11-26","article-title":"Thyroid hormone actions are temperature-specific and regulate thermal acclimation in zebrafish (Danio rerio)","volume":"11","author":"Little","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Biol."},{"key":"2026071603023794600_JEB252605C24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2006.119032","article-title":"Temperature- and exercise-induced gene expression and metabolic enzyme changes in skeletal muscle of adult zebrafish (Danio rerio)","volume":"577","author":"McClelland","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"2026071603023794600_JEB252605C25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1093\/cz\/zoae032","article-title":"Variability of morphology\u2013performance relationships under acute exposure to different temperatures in 3 strains of zebrafish","volume":"71","author":"Miller","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Zool."},{"key":"2026071603023794600_JEB252605C26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00889","article-title":"Muscle non-shivering thermogenesis and its role in the evolution of endothermy","volume":"8","author":"Nowack","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"2026071603023794600_JEB252605C27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s00360-005-0024-0","article-title":"Swimming efficiency and the influence of morphology on swimming costs in fishes","volume":"176","author":"Ohlberger","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. B"},{"key":"2026071603023794600_JEB252605C28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.16451","article-title":"A warmer environment can reduce sociability in an ectotherm","volume":"29","author":"Pilakouta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"2026071603023794600_JEB252605C29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2022.05.018","article-title":"Balancing growth, reproduction, maintenance, and activity in evolved energy economies","volume":"32","author":"Pontzer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"2026071603023794600_JEB252605C30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2013.238","article-title":"Thyroid hormones and skeletal muscle - New insights and potential implications","volume":"10","author":"Salvatore","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"2026071603023794600_JEB252605C43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2089","article-title":"NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis","volume":"9","author":"Schneider","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"2026071603023794600_JEB252605C31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20160231","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0231","article-title":"Physiological mechanisms underlying animal social behaviour","volume":"372","author":"Seebacher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"2026071603023794600_JEB252605C32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.066712","article-title":"Differences in locomotor performance between individuals: importance of parvalbumin, calcium handling and metabolism","volume":"215","author":"Seebacher","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2026071603023794600_JEB252605C33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140251","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.140251","article-title":"Generalist\u2013specialist trade-off during thermal acclimation","volume":"2","author":"Seebacher","year":"2015","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"2026071603023794600_JEB252605C34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.136689","article-title":"Energetic cost determines voluntary movement speed only in familiar environments","volume":"219","author":"Seebacher","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2026071603023794600_JEB252605C35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.124507","article-title":"Resistance and propulsion trade-offs induced by different morphologies: Insights for fish conservation","volume":"376","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"2026071603023794600_JEB252605C36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icv106","article-title":"Predicting the movement speeds of animals in natural environments","volume":"55","author":"Wilson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Integr. Comp. Biol."},{"key":"2026071603023794600_JEB252605C37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2025.06.002","article-title":"Linking individual animal behavior to species range shifts under climate change","volume":"40","author":"Wrensford","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"2026071603023794600_JEB252605C38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"coaa138","DOI":"10.1093\/conphys\/coaa138","article-title":"Bisphenols alter thermal responses and performance in zebrafish (Danio rerio)","volume":"9","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Conserv. Physiol."},{"key":"2026071603023794600_JEB252605C39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2017.02.005","article-title":"Exogenous thyroid hormones regulate the activity of citrate synthase and cytochrome c oxidase in warm- but not cold-acclimated lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis)","volume":"247","author":"Zak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"2026071603023794600_JEB252605C40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20220511","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2022.0511","article-title":"The ecological function of thyroid hormones","volume":"379","author":"Zwahlen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B"}],"container-title":["Journal of Experimental Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1242\/jeb.252605\/3708263\/jeb252605.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1242\/jeb.252605\/3708263\/jeb252605.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T07:02:43Z","timestamp":1784185363000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article\/229\/14\/jeb252605\/372241\/Thyroid-hormone-determines-energy-efficiency-of"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jeb.252605","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0949","1477-9145"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0949","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-9145","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"article-number":"jeb252605"}}