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Although queens are larger than workers, the two castes showed similar eye area, ommatidial diameter and ommatidia number. However, queens showed greater variability in ommatidial diameter, while workers varied more in eye area and ommatidia number. Allometric patterns also diverged: queen eye area scaled hypoallometrically and ommatidial diameter hyperallometrically with body size, whereas workers displayed isometric scaling for both traits. Analysis of ommatidia size and number indicates workers allocate more resources to increasing ommatidia number, while queens emphasise enlarging ommatidia. These differences highlight distinct developmental and scaling strategies that generate caste-specific visual adaptations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.252873","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T08:15:55Z","timestamp":1784708155000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Visual trait variation and allometric scaling indicate intra- and inter-caste plasticity in the social wasp\n                    <i>Protopolybia sedula<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"229","author":[{"given":"Andr\u00e9 Rodrigues","family":"de Souza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal de Vi\u00e7osa 1 Departamento de Biologia Geral , , 36570-900, Vi\u00e7osa, Minas Gerais ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0435-6218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Priscila","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSECT Lab, Stockholm University 2 Department of Zoology, Division of Functional Morphology , , 11418 Stockholm ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2486-0462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo Fernando","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Bioci\u00eancias, Letras e Ci\u00eancias Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista \u201cJ\u00falio de Mesquita Filho\u201d 3 Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas , , S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio Preto, 15054-000 ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F\u00e1bio","family":"Santos do Nascimento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo 4 Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia Ci\u00eancias e Letras de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto , , 14040-900, S\u00e3o Paulo ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4563-546X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda","family":"Prato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo 4 Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia Ci\u00eancias e Letras de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto , , 14040-900, S\u00e3o Paulo ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilson","family":"Franca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo 4 Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia Ci\u00eancias e Letras de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto , , 14040-900, S\u00e3o Paulo ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3625-3897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily","family":"Baird","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSECT Lab, Stockholm University 2 Department of Zoology, Division of Functional Morphology , , 11418 Stockholm ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081103450215800_JEB252873C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1093\/biolinnean\/blac154","article-title":"Body size and the architecture of the visual system in crepuscular and diurnal bees","volume":"138","author":"Ara\u00fajo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol. 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