{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T11:54:59Z","timestamp":1791374099308,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1979,10,1]],"date-time":"1979-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":307584000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.biologists.com\/user-licence-1-1\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1979,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>A spring gun was constructed to propel objects at known velocities of between 1 and 4\u00b75 m.s-1. This was used to project insects and various models in a vertical trajectory. By comparing the height attained in air by the insects or models with the height theoretically possible in vacuo, the energy lost against air resistance was observed. Small insects have a higher frontal area to mass ratio than larger ones so have relatively more aerodynamic drag and attain lower heights.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>The observed effect may be expressed in terms of the drag coefficient, CD. Fleas and locusts have CD of about 1. Winged flies have CD of about 1\u00b75 which falls to about 1 when the wings are amputated and to about 0\u00b78 when the legs are amputated. Aptery is advantageous in jumping insects.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>From experiments with models, it appears that the optimal condition for small jumping insects is that the body should be as compact as possible to reduce the frontal area to mass ratio. Thus dense spherical bodies are favoured. Some species of jumping insect have densities of about 1 mg.mm\u22123 while some flying beetles and flies have densities between 0\u00b73 and 0\u00b78 mg.mm\u22123.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>The Reynolds number at which the experiments were performed was from 65\u2013205 for fleas up to 740\u20132340 for locusts. The models operated in similar ranges.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>At a velocity which would propel a larger animal to a height of 1 m, fleas weighing 0\u00b74 mg only reach about 0\u00b74 m. At lower initial velocities, proportionately less energy is wasted against air resistance so the jump efficiency is higher. Most fleas jump to a height of about 0\u00b71 m with an efficiency of 0\u00b78 while locusts jump to a height of 0\u00b735 m with an efficiency of over 0\u00b79. Air resistance is thus an important scale effect in jumping insects and provides its own design constraints.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.82.1.105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,25]],"date-time":"2021-04-25T15:16:36Z","timestamp":1619363796000},"page":"105-121","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["The Effect of Air Resistance On the Jumping Performance of Insects"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"H. C.","family":"Bennet-Clark","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. M.","family":"Alder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Edinburgh Department of Mechanical Engineering , , Edinburgh, EH9 3JT"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","reference":[{"key":"2023121015055822200_JEXBIO_82_1_105C1","volume-title":"Size and Shape","author":"Alexander","year":"1971"},{"key":"2023121015055822200_JEXBIO_82_1_105C2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1002\/cjce.5450370206","article-title":"The effect of shape and Reynolds Number on drag in the motion of a freely orientated body in an infinite fluid","volume":"37","author":"Becker","year":"1959","journal-title":"Canadian J. Chem. Engng"},{"key":"2023121015055822200_JEXBIO_82_1_105C3","first-page":"421","article-title":"Energy storage in jumping insects","volume-title":"In The Insect Integument","author":"Bennet-Clark","year":"1976"},{"key":"2023121015055822200_JEXBIO_82_1_105C4","first-page":"185","article-title":"Scale effects in jumping animals","volume-title":"In Scale Effects in Animal Locomotion","author":"Bennet-Clark","year":"1977"},{"key":"2023121015055822200_JEXBIO_82_1_105C5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.47.1.59","article-title":"The jump of the flea: a study of the energetics and a model of the mechanism","volume":"47","author":"Bennet-Clark","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. exp. 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